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  • 1
    UID:
    almafu_9958096937402883
    Format: xxviii, 351 pages : , illustrations ; , 23 cm.
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 1-281-78753-1 , 9786611787530 , 0-8213-7410-9
    Series Statement: Latin American development forum series
    Content: Infrastructure plays a key role in fostering growth and productivity and has been linked to improved earnings, health, and education levels for the poor. Yet Latin America is currently faced with a dangerous combination of relatively low public and private infrastructure investment. Those investment levels must increase, and it can be done. If Latin American and Caribbean governments are to increase infrastructure investment in politically feasible ways, it is critical that they learn from experience and have an accurate idea of future impacts. This book contributes to this aim by producing
    Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; 1 Introduction; Table 1.1 Private Sector Participation in Electricity, Telecommunications, and Water; 2 Setting the Stage; Figure 2.1 Growth Improvement if Infrastructure Stocks and; Figure 2.2 Logistics Costs as a Percentage of Product Value, 2004; Figure 2.3 The Rise and Fall of Private Finance for Infrastructure; Figure 2.4 Investment in Infrastructure Projects with Private Participation by Region, 1990-2004; Figure 2.5a Evolution of Private Participation in Electricity Distribution , Figure 2.5b Evolution of Private Participation in Fixed Telecommunications Figure 2.5c Evolution of Private Participation in Water Distribution; Figure 2.6a Public Infrastructure Investment; Figure 2.6b Private Infrastructure Investment; Figure 2.6c Total Infrastructure Investment; Figure 2.7 Investment in LAC by Sector, 1990-2001; Figure 2.8 Sectoral Concentration of Private Participation; Figure 2.9 PPI in LAC by Country, 1990-2004; Table 2.1 Concentration of Investment with Private Participation by Country, 1990-2004; Figure 2.10 Types of Private Participation in Infrastructure , Table 2.2 Jurisdictions and Responsibilities under Different Types of Private Participation Figure 2.11 Modal Breakdown by Sector in Latin America, by Number of Projects, 1990-2004; Figure 2.12 Modal Breakdown of Private Participation; Figure 2.13 Modal Trends for Private Participation, 1990-2004; Figure 2.14 Cumulative Private Investment in LAC by Investor Type and Sector, 1998-2004; Figure 2.15 Private Investment in LAC by Investor Type; Table 2.3 Canceled or Distressed Investments in Private Infrastructure Projects in Latin America , Table 2.4 Renegotiation Incidence and Average Time until Renegotiation, 1988-2001 Table 2.5 Common Outcomes of the Renegotiation Process; Figure 2.16 Population Expressing Dissatisfaction with Privatization in Latin America; Table 2.6 Illustration of Fiscal Cost of Guarantees from Colombia; Figure 2.17 Survey Probing Public Opinion; Table 2.7 Civil Disturbances; Box 2.1 Hidden Failures and Perception Management: Explanations for Social Discontent about Privatization; Box 2.2 Public Perceptions of Infrastructure Privatization in Peru; Figure 2.2.1 Negative Results of Privatization in Peru , 3 Learning from Existing Literature Figure 3.1 Internal Rate of Return and Weighted Average Cost of Capital; Figure 3.2 Fiscal Capture of Benefits; Figure 3.3 Increase in Household Earnings from Access to Infrastructure Public Services; Figure 3.4 Increase in Household Earnings from Access to Markets through Rehabilitated Rural Roads; Figure 3.5 Joint Welfare Effect of Price and Access Changes on Consumers Expressed as a Percentage of per Capita Total Household Expenditure , Figure 3.6 Joint Welfare Effect of Price and Access Changes on Consumers Expressed as a Percentage of per Capita Total Household Expenditure , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-7409-5
    Language: English
    Subjects: Economics
    RVK:
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  • 2
    UID:
    almahu_9949191308002882
    Format: 1 online resource (134 pages)
    ISBN: 9781464811029
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Infrastructure
    Content: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) does not have the infrastructure it needs, or deserves, given its income. Many argue that the solution is to spend more; by contrast, this report has one main message: Latin America can dramatically narrow its infrastructure service gap by spending efficiently on the right things. This report asks three questions: what should LAC countries' goals be? How can these goals be achieved as cost-effectively as possible? And who should pay to reach these goals? In doing so, we drop the 'infrastructure gap' notion, favoring an approach built on identifying the 'service gap'. Benchmarking Latin America in this way reveals clear strengths and weaknesses. Access to water and electricity is good, with the potential for the region's electricity sector to drive competitive advantage; by contrast, transport and sanitation should be key focus areas for further development. The report also identifies and analyses some of the emerging challenges for the region-climate change, increased demand and urbanization-that will put increasing pressure on infrastructure and policy makers alike. Improving the region's infrastructure performance in the context of tight fiscal space will require spending better on well identified priorities. Unlike most infrastructure diagnostics, this report argues that much of what is needed lies outside the infrastructure sector - in the form of broader government issues-from competition policy, to budgeting rules that no longer solely focus on controlling cash expenditures. We also find that traditional recommendations continue to apply regarding independent, well-performing regulators and better corporate governance, and highlight the critical importance of cost recovery where feasible and desirable, as the basis for future commercial finance of infrastructure services. Latin America has the means and potential to do better; and it can do so by spending more efficiently on the right things.
    Additional Edition: Print Version: ISBN 9781464811012
    Language: English
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  • 3
    UID:
    almafu_9958099251102883
    Format: 1 online resource (34 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper analyzes the process of Internet diffusion across the world using a panel of 199 countries during 1990-2004. The authors group countries in two categories-low and high-income countries-and show that the Internet diffusion process is well characterized by an S-shape curve for both groups. Low-income countries display a steeper diffusion curve that is equivalent to a right shift of the diffusion curve for high-income countries. The estimated diffusion curves provide evidence of a "catching-up" process, although a very slow one. The paper explores the determinants of Internet diffusion at the country level and across the same income groups. The most novel finding is that network effects seem to be crucial-the number of Internet users in a country in a given year is positively associated with the number of users in the previous year. The findings also show that the degree of competition in the provision of Internet service contributes positively to its diffusion, and there are significant positive language externalities.
    Language: English
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  • 4
    UID:
    almafu_9958099258602883
    Format: 1 online resource (57 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper focuses on an evaluation and benchmarking of the governance of regulatory agencies in the electricity sector in Latin American Countries (LAC). Using a unique database, we develop an index of regulatory governance and rank all the agencies in the LAC countries. The index is an aggregate number of the evaluation of four key governance characteristics: autonomy, transparency, accountability, and regulatory tools, including not only formal aspects of regulation but also indicators related to actual implementation. Based on 18 different indexes, we analyze the positions of agencies with regard to different aspects of their regulatory governance, considering not only performance in each variable but also scores in the different components of each category. This evaluation allows for the identification of particular country shortcomings regarding governance, and indicates needed improvements. Although the region shows an overall good governance design of their regulatory agencies, the implementation of the independent regulator model still faces several challenges. This is particularly evident in political autonomy and in the informal aspects of governance, where the region shows the largest number of countries with the lowest scores. Trinidad and Tobago and Brazil show the best results and Ecuador, Honduras, and Chile the poorest performances. The rest of the countries vary according to the different indexes. We give each governance variable equal weights and positively test the robustness of our approach using Principal Component Analysis.
    Language: English
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  • 5
    UID:
    almafu_9958246220902883
    Format: 1 online resource (41 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper uses successive rounds of National Sample Survey Organization data from 1993-94 to 2011-12, and draws from census data. This paper (i) provides a description of nearly two decades of patterns and trends in female labor force participation in India; (ii) estimates the extent of the recent decline in female labor force participation; and (iii) examines and assesses the contribution of various demographic and socioeconomic factors in explaining the female labor force participation decision and the recent the drop. The analysis finds that female labor force participation dropped by 19.6 million women from 2004-05 to 2011-12. Participation declined by 11.4 percent, from 42.6 to 31.2 percent during 1993-94 to 2011-12. Approximately 53 percent of this drop occurred in rural India, among those ages 15 to 24 years. Factors such as educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and household composition largely contributed to the drop, although their effects were more pronounced in rural areas. Specifically, the analysis finds a U-shaped relationship between levels of educational attainment and female labor force participation. The decomposition of the contribution of these various determinants to the female labor force participation decision suggests that stability in family income, as indicated by the increasing share of regular wage earners and declining share of casual labor in the composition of family labor supply, has led female family members to choose dropping out of, rather than joining, the labor force. The findings of this paper suggest that conventional approaches to increasing female labor force participation (such as education and skills and legal provisions) will be insufficient. Policies should center on promoting the acceptability of female employment and investing in growing economic sectors that are more attractive for female employment.
    Language: English
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  • 6
    UID:
    almafu_9958143952302883
    Format: 1 online resource (19 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Policy makers are often confronted with a myriad of factors in the investment decision-making process. This issue is particularly acute in infrastructure investment decisions, as these often involve significant financial resources and lock-in technologies. In regions and countries where the infrastructure access gap is large and pubic budgets severely constrained, the importance of considering the different facets of the decision-making process becomes even more relevant. This paper discusses the trade-offs policy makers confront when attempting to prioritize infrastructure investments, in particular with regard to economic growth and welfare, and proposes a methodological framework for prioritizing infrastructure projects and portfolios that holistically equates such trade-offs, among others. The analysis suggests that it is not desirable to have a single methodology, providing a single ranking of infrastructure investments, because of the complexities of infrastructure investments. Rather, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken. Decision makers will also need to account for factors that are often not easily measured. While having techniques that enable logical frameworks in the decision-making process of establishing priorities is highly desirable, they are no substitute for consensus building and political negotiations.
    Language: English
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  • 7
    UID:
    almafu_9958246220802883
    Format: 1 online resource (30 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper presents the findings of an impact evaluation to assess the performance and sustainability of the demand responsive community-based approach toward rural water supply in the state of Kerala, India. To achieve the study's objectives, conceptual definitions of the "performance" and "sustainability" of rural water supply schemes were first developed, as were indicators for their systematic measurement. Performance and sustainability indicators for demand responsive approaches were compared with the more conventional supply-based approach to rural water supply. The study found that participatory community driven water supply schemes were more successful in delivering adequate, regular, and quality water supply, experienced fewer breakdowns and water shortages, and enjoyed higher consumer satisfaction with the quality of service delivery. The success of the community-based approach demonstrates that people are willing to contribute toward the capital costs of the schemes and pay for the water they use for a better service delivery. The findings of this paper suggest that the community-based approach can be a superior alternative to traditional supply driven models in expanding and improving water service delivery in rural areas.
    Language: English
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  • 8
    UID:
    almafu_9958109649502883
    Format: 1 online resource (33 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper contributes to the literature that explores the link between regulatory governance and sector performance. The paper develops an index of regulatory governance and estimates its impact on sector performance, showing that indeed regulation and its governance matter. The authors use two unique databases: (i) the World Bank Performance Database, which contains detailed annual data for 250 private and public electricity companies in Latin America and the Caribbean; and (ii) the Electricity Regulatory Governance Database, which contains data on several aspects of the governance of electricity agencies in the region. The authors run different models to explain the impacts of change in ownership and different characteristics of the regulatory agency on the performance of the utilities. The results suggest that the mere existence of a regulatory agency, regardless of the utilities' ownership, has a significant impact on performance. Furthermore, after controlling for the existence of a regulatory agency, the ownership dummies are still significant and with the expected signs. The authors propose an experience measure in order to identify the gradual impact of the regulatory agency on utility performance. The results confirm this hypothesis. In addition, the paper explores two different measures of governance, an aggregate measure of regulatory governance, and an index based on principal components, including autonomy, transparency, and accountability. The findings show that the governance of regulatory agencies matters and has significant effects on performance.
    Language: English
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  • 9
    UID:
    almafu_9958099258902883
    Format: 1 online resource (56 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper evaluates the impact of economic regulation on infrastructure sector outcomes. It tests the impact of regulation from three different angles: aligning costs with tariffs and firm profitability; reducing opportunistic renegotiation; and measuring the effects on productivity, quality of service, coverage, and prices. The analysis uses an extensive data set of about 1,000 infrastructure concessions granted in Latin America from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The analysis finds that as the theory indicates, regulation matters. The empirical work here reported shows that in three relevant economic aspects-aligning costs and tariffs; dissuading renegotiations; and improving productivity, quality of service, coverage, and tariffs-the structure, institutions, and procedures of regulation matter. Thus, significant efforts should continue to be made to improve the structure, quality, and institutionality of regulation. Regulation matters for protecting both consumers and investors, for aligning closely financial returns and the costs of capital, and for capturing higher levels of benefits from the provision of infrastructure services by the private sector.
    Language: English
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  • 10
    UID:
    almafu_9960785744202883
    Format: 1 online resource (pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank e-Library.
    Content: Mientras varios paises de America Latina, el Caribe y otras regiones avanzan a la segunda fase de participacion privada en programas de infraestructura hay varias inquietudes que quedan por resolver respecto de los resultados de la primera fase. Estas preocupaciones hacen que los Gobiernos avancen con precaucion. "Impacto de la participacion del sector privado en infraestructura" aborda estas preocupaciones y aporta claridad al debate sobre el tema. La evaluacion de este efecto podria ser uno de los temas normativos mas emocionales de la economia, ya que esta rodeado de una nube de mitos, percepciones y realidad. Este libro analiza el impacto y destaca la verdad entre los mitos. Los autores dan una mirada sistematica y critica a los hechos (es decir, los datos) en America Latina, donde desde finales de los ochenta, muchos Gobiernos atrajeron al sector privado hacia la prestacion de servicios publicos fundamentales. Aunque existen muchas evaluaciones de esta experiencia, ninguna ha podido apoyarse en datos sistemicos, transversales entre paises y de series temporales, y salvo pocas excepciones, tampoco han logrado senalar lo que habria sucedido en ausencia de estas intervenciones (el contrafactual). Este libro hace precisamente eso. Reune una base de datos completa desde los anos 80 hasta la primera decada de este siglo y propone una metodologia solida y eficaz, que considera el contrafactual, probando y calculando el impacto de la reforma sobre un conjunto excepcionalmente amplio de indicadores de resultados. En consecuencia, el libro presenta el estudio mas detallado hasta la fecha de la experiencia de la participacion privada en America Latina y representa un paso importante de la bibliografia gracias a sus solidos analisis econometricos.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 958-8307-71-6
    Language: Spanish
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