Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource

Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4

Edition: Also available in print.

Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2511

Note: "December 2000"--Cover. - Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-81). - Title from title screen as viewed on Sept. 27, 2002 , Nebentitel: Introduction to inflation targeting

Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Agénor, Pierre-Richard, 1957- Monetary policy under flexible exchange rates 2000

Language: English

URL: Volltext

URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (18, [2] p) , 28 cm

Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4

Series Statement: Policy research working paper 1505

Note: "September 1995"--Cover. - Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-18) , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:[1995] , Weitere Ausgabe: Claessens, Stijn: The cross-section of stock returns

Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Claessens, Stijn, 1959- The cross-section of stock returns 1995

Language: English

URL: Volltext

URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)

Author information: Claessens, Stijn 1959-

Author information: Dasgupta, Susmita 1961-

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (93 Seiten)

Edition: 1st ed

ISBN: 9781464818783

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Context -- Notes -- References -- 2 Forty Years of Rural Poverty Reduction -- Introduction -- What drove poverty reduction in China? -- Notes -- References -- 3 Drivers of China's Economic Transformation and Poverty Reduction -- Introduction -- Growing agricultural productivity: Higher incomes and more choices -- Progressive industrialization: Better jobs for more people -- Managed urbanization: Multiple gains for migrants and nonmigrant rural families, but persistent inequality of opportunities -- Expanded infrastructure investment: Improved connectivity and job creation for the poor -- Notes -- References -- 4 Poverty Alleviation Strategies -- Introduction -- Area-based poverty alleviation strategies -- Social protection policies -- Targeted poverty alleviation strategy -- Notes -- References -- 5 Implications of China's Poverty Reduction -- China's approach to poverty reduction in a global context -- References -- 6 The Way Ahead -- Introduction -- New drivers of growth and poverty reduction -- Defining new standards and policy objectives for a prosperous China -- Coordinating pro-poor development policies and social protection programs -- Notes -- References -- 7 Conclusions -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Appendix A: Key Household Surveys -- Boxes -- Box 3.1 Agricultural technology extension for poverty reduction: Promoting mulch film in Guyuan -- Box 3.2 Upgrading skills through learning by doing: How Mr. Xie Dewu set up his own valve-making company in Yongjia -- Box 4.1 The evolution of poverty targeting: How China used international expertise -- Box 4.2 Human resources and incentives for targeted poverty alleviation , Box 4.3 East-West collaboration from the perspective of a poverty-stricken district in Ningxia Autonomous Region -- Box 4.4 How digital technologies were leveraged for targeted poverty alleviation -- Box 5.1 China's poverty reduction policies as a case study in pro-poor governance -- Figures -- Figure ES.1 The two pillars of China's approach to poverty reduction -- Figure 1.1 Poverty reduction in China over the past 40 years based on the 2010 poverty standard -- Figure 1.2 China accounts for almost three-quarters of global extreme poverty reduction since 1981: Poverty headcount based on the international poverty line, 1981-2017 -- Figure 2.1 Rapid economic growth drove poverty reduction -- Figure 2.2 Drivers of rural poverty reduction, 1988-2018 -- Figure 3.1 Rapid and sustained economic growth in China came about with fast economic transformation, 1978-2018 -- Figure 3.2 Labor productivity, particularly from industry, drove high economic growth, 1995-2018 -- Figure 3.3 Employment and productivity of manufacturing, 1978-2001 -- Figure 3.4 Workers benefited from the diversification of jobs and the expansion of wage employment, 1998-2013 -- Figure 3.5 Wage gaps between urban and rural areas narrowed, suggesting that China reached the Lewis tipping point around 2007 -- Figure 3.6 Urbanization in China followed a similar pattern as other fast-growing economies, 1960-2019 -- Figure 3.7 Migration has increased consistently over time, as have migrant earnings as a share of total household income, 1993-2017 -- Figure 3.8 "Floating" populations' income per month -- Figure 3.9 Infrastructure investment grew steadily beginning in the early 1990s -- Figure 4.1 Central and provincial Anti-Poverty Fund allocations, 2001-20 -- Tables -- Table 2.1 Poverty reduction between 1978 and 2019 , Table 4.1 Main social protection programs in rural and urban China, 2019 or latest available data -- Table 4.2 Share of registered poor households achieving "three guarantees" and safe drinking water

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Bank, World Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China : World Bank Publications,c2022 ISBN 9781464818776

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (293 pages)

ISBN: 9781464814952

Series Statement: World Development Report

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Bank, World World Development Report 2020 : Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2019 ISBN 9781464814570

Language: English

Subjects: Economics , Political Science

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (205 Seiten)

Edition: 1st ed

ISBN: 9781464819186

Series Statement: International Debt Report

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I: Overview -- Trends in External Debt, 2010-21 -- The Evolving Maturity Composition of External Debt, 2010-21 -- Changes in the Creditor Composition of External Debt, 2010-21 -- Extraordinary Support from Multilateral Creditors during the COVID-19 Pandemic -- The Debt Service Suspension Initiative: Update and Perspectives -- Spotlight on Debt Data Transparency: The Role of the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System -- Notes -- References -- Part II: Aggregate and Country Tables -- All Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- East Asia and Pacific -- Europe and Central Asia -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Middle East and North Africa -- South Asia -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Afghanistan -- Albania -- Algeria -- Angola -- Argentina -- Armenia -- Azerbaijan -- Bangladesh -- Belarus -- Belize -- Benin -- Bhutan -- Bolivia, Plurinational State of -- Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Botswana -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Burkina Faso -- Burundi -- Cabo Verde -- Cambodia -- Cameroon -- Central African Republic -- Chad -- China -- Colombia -- Comoros -- Congo, Democratic Republic of -- Congo, Republic of -- Costa Rica -- Côte d'Ivoire -- Djibouti -- Dominica -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Egypt, Arab Republic of -- El Salvador -- Eritrea -- Eswatini -- Ethiopia -- Fiji -- Gabon -- Gambia, The -- Georgia -- Ghana -- Grenada -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau -- Guyana -- Haiti -- Honduras -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran, Islamic Republic of -- Iraq -- Jamaica -- Jordan -- Kazakhstan -- Kenya -- Kosovo -- Kyrgyz Republic -- Lao People's Democratic Republic -- Lebanon -- Lesotho -- Liberia -- Madagascar -- Malawi -- Maldives -- Mali -- Mauritania -- Mauritius -- Mexico -- Moldova -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Nepal -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Nigeria , North Macedonia -- Pakistan -- Papua New Guinea -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda -- Samoa -- São Tomé and Príncipe -- Senegal -- Serbia -- Sierra Leone -- Solomon Islands -- Somalia -- South Africa -- Sri Lanka -- St. Lucia -- St. Vincent and the Grenadines -- Sudan -- Syrian Arab Republic -- Tajikistan -- Tanzania -- Thailand -- Timor-Leste -- Togo -- Tonga -- Tunisia -- Türkiye -- Turkmenistan -- Uganda -- Ukraine -- Uzbekistan -- Vanuatu -- Vietnam -- Yemen, Republic of -- Zambia -- Zimbabwe -- Appendix: About the Data -- User Guide to Tables -- Tables -- Statistics -- Aggregate Measures for Income Groups and Regions -- Classification of Countries -- Symbols -- User Guide to Online Tables and Database -- How to Access the Online Country Tables -- Indicators -- How to Access the Database -- Actions -- Data Sources and Methodology -- Data Sources -- Methodology -- External Debt and Its Components -- Data Documentation -- Sources of the Macroeconomic Indicators -- Country Groups -- Regional Groups -- Income Groups -- Glossary -- Boxes -- Box O.1 External Debt Data: Concepts, Sources, and Coverage -- Box O.2 World Bank Income and Lending Classifications Used in the International Debt Report 2022 -- Box O.3 Allocation of the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights in 2021 -- Box O.4 Sovereign Debt Market Fragmentation in Highly Indebted Poor Countries -- Box O.5 Improvements in Debtor Reporting System Coverage Enhance Debt Transparency -- Figures -- Figure BO.1.1 Net Equity Inflows and External Debt Flows to Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010-21 -- Figure BO.2.1 Number of Low- and Middle-Income Countries Covered in the International Debt Report 2022, by FY2023 Income and Lending Groups -- Figure O.1 External Debt-to-GNI Ratios for Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010-21 , Figure O.2 External Debt-to-GNI Ratios, by Country and Region, 2010 and 2021 -- Figure O.3 External Debt Stocks of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010-21 -- Figure O.4 Percent Change in External Debt Stocks of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010-21 -- Figure O.5 Share of External Debt Stocks of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010-21 -- Figure O.6 Long-Term and Short-Term Debt Stocks of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010-21 -- Figure O.7 Share of Short-Term Debt Stocks of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010-21 -- Figure O.8 Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries' Short-Term Debt Stocks and Trade-Related Debt, 2010-21 -- Figure O.9 Net Debt Inflows by Maturity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010-21 -- Figure O.10 IDA-Eligible Countries' Long-Term External Debt Owed to Private Creditors, 2010-21 -- Figure O.11 IDA-Eligible Countries' Creditor Composition of Long-Term Public and Publicly Guaranteed External Debt, 2010-21 -- Figure O.12 Share of Public and Publicly Guaranteed External Debt Stocks of IDA-Eligible Countries Owed to Bilateral Paris Club and Non-Paris Club Creditors, 2010-21 -- Figure O.13 IDA-Eligible Countries' Disbursements, Debt Service Payments, and Net Transfer as a Share of GNI, 2010-21 -- Figure O.14 Average Terms of Commitments of External Public and Publicly Guaranteed Debt to IDA-Eligible Countries, by Creditor Type, 2010-21 -- Figure BO.4.1 Creditor Base Fragmentation in Highly Indebted Poor Countries -- Figure BO.4.2 Debtor Base Fragmentation in Highly Indebted Poor Countries -- Figure O.15 Commitments to Low- and Middle-Income Countries from Multilateral Institutions, 2010-21 -- Figure O.16 Disbursements to Low- and Middle-Income Countries by Multilateral Institutions, 2019-21 -- Figure O.17 Loan Commitments from Official Creditors to IDA-Eligible Countries, 2010-21 , Figure O.18 DSSI-Participating Countries' Debt Service Paid and Deferred, by Creditor Groups, 2019-21 -- Figure O.19 Percent of Countries That Report Public and Publicly Guaranteed and Private Nonguaranteed Year-End Transaction Data to the DRS, 2010-21 -- Figure O.20 Number of Indicators Published in the International Debt Statistics Database, Year-End Data, 2017-21 -- Figure BO.5.1 Ex Post Upward Revisions of External Public and Publicly Guaranteed Loan Commitments -- Figure BO.5.2 Countries with the Largest Cumulative Upward Revisions since International Debt Statistics 2018 -- Figure BO.3.1 SDR Allocations as a Share of General Government External Debt and International Reserves, by Region, 2021 -- Figure A.1 External Debt and Its Components -- Table -- Table O.1 External Debt-to-GNI Ratios for Income and Lending Categories, 2010 and 2019-21

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe World Bank, World International Debt Report 2022 Bielefeld : World Bank Publications,c2022 ISBN 9781464819025

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (271 Seiten)

Edition: 1st ed

ISBN: 9781464818943

Series Statement: Poverty and Shared Prosperity Ser

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Team -- Main Messages -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Part 1. Progress on poverty and shared prosperity -- Part 2. Fiscal policy for an inclusive recovery -- Notes -- References -- Part 1. Progress on Poverty and Shared Prosperity -- 1 Global Poverty: The Biggest Setback in Decades -- Summary -- Setting the scene: Poverty on the eve of the pandemic -- Poverty over the pandemic period: The nowcast -- Implications for reaching the 3 percent global poverty target by 2030 -- Notes -- References -- 2 Shared Prosperity and Inequality: Uneven Losses and an Uneven Recovery -- Summary -- Introduction -- Shared prosperity and inequality, 2014-19 -- Shared prosperity and inequality during COVID-19 -- Global inequality -- Notes -- References -- 3 Beyond the Monetary Impacts of the Pandemic: A Lasting Legacy -- Summary -- Introduction -- Multidimensional poverty on the eve of the pandemic -- Pandemic impacts from a multidimensional perspective -- Notes -- References -- Part 2. Fiscal Policy for an Inclusive Recovery -- Part 2. Fiscal Policy for an Inclusive Recovery -- Why focus on fiscal policy? -- What is in part 2? -- Note -- References -- 4 Protecting Households with Fiscal Policy: Learning from COVID-19 -- Summary -- The nature of the fiscal response to the COVID-19 crisis -- The impact of the fiscal response on household welfare -- Factors that influenced the impact of fiscal policy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 Taxes, Transfers, and Subsidies: Improving Progressivity and Reducing the Cost to the Poor -- Summary -- Introduction -- The impact of taxes and transfers on short-term poverty and inequality -- Taxation and distribution -- Transfers and distribution -- Economies of all income levels and capacities can achieve progressive fiscal policy -- Conclusion , Notes -- References -- 6 Fiscal Policy for Growth: Identifying High-Value Fiscal Policies -- Summary -- Introduction -- Measuring the value of fiscal policies -- Using information on the value of policies to inform policy choices -- High-value policies that support growth -- Constraints on investing in high-value policies -- Increasing the value of policies through increased efficiency of spending -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 7 Putting It All Together: Better Fiscal Policy for Reducing Poverty and Increasing Shared Prosperity -- Summary -- Accelerating progress with better fiscal policy: Different options for different countries -- Spending for faster growth -- Positioning fiscal policy to protect households against future crises -- Raising revenue -- Data and evidence for better fiscal decision-making -- Can better fiscal policy put progress back on track? The need for global action -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Introducing the new 2017 PPP-based poverty lines -- Box O.2 Measuring poverty in India -- Box O.3 Tools that help to prioritize fiscal policies -- Box 1.1 How the new international poverty lines were derived -- Box 1.2 New data now available to measure poverty in India -- Box 1.3 Predicting changes in poverty with nowcasts -- Box 1.4 The impacts of rising global food and energy prices on poverty -- Box 2.1 Data coverage: A growing challenge for measuring shared prosperity, particularly for poorer countries -- Box 2.2 Inequality and top incomes -- Box 2.3 Experiences on the ground with shared prosperity -- Box 2.4 High-frequency phone surveys -- Box 3.1 Poverty-adjusted life expectancy: An index aggregating poverty and mortality -- Box 3.2 Lifecycle foundations for multidimensional comparisons in terms of years of life -- Box 4.1 COVID-19 cash transfers in Togo , Box 5.1 The CEQ framework: An integrated approach to fiscal incidence analysis -- Box 5.2 Different types of tax instruments -- Box 5.3 Incidence curves, concentration shares, and fiscal progressivity -- Box 5.4 Chile: The distributional impact of commonly missing CEQ fiscal instruments -- Box 5.5 Uruguay: The impact of indirect taxes and direct transfers -- Box 5.6 Bolivia and Ethiopia: Fiscal system impact on poverty and inequality -- Box 6.1 Calculating the value of a policy using the MVPF -- Box 6.2 The progressivity of spending on education and health -- Box 7.1 Digitalization can improve the efficiency of fiscal administration, but not without challenges -- Box 7.2 Nudging tax compliance: How behavioral science tools can improve compliance at low financial and political costs -- Box 7.3 Using evidence and data to expand COVID-19 social protection in South Africa -- Figures -- Figure O.1 The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a historic shock to global poverty -- Figure O.2 Recent global inequality trends were reversed in 2020 -- Figure O.3 Poverty reduction resumed slowly in 2021 but may stall in 2022 -- Figure O.4 A widespread reduction in poverty across countries in 2020, followed by a nascent and uneven recovery -- Figure O.5 Progress in poverty reduction has been altered in lasting ways -- Figure O.6 The interplay of shocks, policy, and poverty affects workplace mobility -- Figure O.7 Fiscal policy reduced the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on poverty but less so in poorer economies -- Figure O.8 Delivering support on time and to those in most need was challenging -- Figure O.9 In poorer economies, poorer households are more likely to be left with less money after taxes have been paid and transfers received -- Figure O.10 Poorer economies rely more on indirect taxes, which are less progressive , Figure O.11 Poorer economies spend less on transfers than on subsidies, which benefit the poor less -- Figure 1.1 Global extreme poverty has continued to fall but at a slower rate in recent years -- Figure B1.1.1 Poverty lines expressed in constant 2017 US -- Figure 1.2 The global extreme poor are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 1.3 From 1990 to 2019, poverty fell in all regions except the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 1.4 Poverty rates are higher among children in every region -- Figure 1.5 The extreme poor were less connected online going into the pandemic -- Figure 1.6 Global poverty at higher poverty lines continued to fall, slowly -- Figure 1.7 At the higher poverty lines, the regional distribution of the global poor changes -- Figure 1.8 The cost of basic needs increases as countries grow -- Figure 1.9 Progress has been made in reducing the societal poverty rate in recent years -- Figure 1.10 The COVID-19 pandemic was a historic shock to global poverty -- Figure 1.11 Poverty increased across income groups in 2020 and displayed an uneven recovery in 2021-22 -- Figure 1.12 Poverty reduction stalled at all poverty lines in 2022 -- Figure 1.13 Poorer households spend more on food -- Figure 1.14 Progress in poverty reduction has been altered in lasting ways -- Figure 2.1 From 2014 to 2019, the vast majority of economies made substantial progress in shared prosperity -- Figure 2.2 Significant differences occured in shared prosperity across regions and country income groups -- Figure 2.3 Median income growth and shared prosperity are highly correlated -- Figure 2.4 Within-country inequality was as likely to fall as to increase before the pandemic, but reductions in inequality were likely to be larger than increases -- Figure 2.5 The pandemic led to large income losses among the bottom 40 , Figure 2.6 Employment and income losses arising from the pandemic were severe, with certain groups being hit harder -- Figure 2.7 The pandemic likely harmed the quality of jobs among those who continued to work -- Figure 2.8 In selected countries, the probability of income loss was greater for the bottom 40 than the top 60, especially in urban areas -- Figure 2.9 Projected changes in the Gini index show no clear pattern across countries with different income levels, with increases and decreases equally likely -- Figure 2.10 The decline in global inequality before the pandemic reflects the strong income growth of the global middle class, whereas those in the bottom and the middle lost the most during the pandemic -- Figure 2.11 The pandemic caused the largest increase in global inequality since World War II, after a steady decline over the past two decades -- Figure 2.12 An increase in between-country inequality was mainly responsible for the reversal in global inequality -- Figure 2.13 The increase in between country inequality was driven by larger countries with large income shocks -- Figure 2.14 The bottom 40 suffered a larger shock from the pandemic and is recovering more slowly than the top 60 -- Figure 3.1 Widespread learning losses were reported, especially among low-income countries during the COVID-19 crisis -- Figure 3.2 Meals skipped were highest at the start of the COVID-19 crisis and in lower-income countries -- Figure 3.3 Almost 40 percent of the multidimensionally poor are not monetarily poor -- Figure B3.1.1 Lower-income economies have experienced larger reductions in poverty-adjusted life expectancy -- Figure B3.1.2 Reduction in poverty-adjusted life expectancy was driven by learning loss in lower-income countries and by increased mortality in higher-income countries , Figure 3.4 The pandemic's impact on well-being through additional current and future poverty and excess mortality varies substantially across economies

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe World Bank, World Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022 Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2022

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (168 Seiten)

Edition: 1st ed

ISBN: 9781464818189 , 9781464818172

Series Statement: Women, Business and the Law Ser

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe World Bank, World Women, Business and the Law 2022 Dordrecht : World Bank Publications,c2022 ISBN 9781464818172

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (189 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9781464818882

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- OVERVIEW -- Introduction -- Trade flows in medical goods and services -- Policies affecting trade in medical goods and services -- Deepening cooperation on medical goods and services trade -- Notes -- References -- INTRODUCTION -- Stronger trade systems for better global health security -- Organization of the report -- Reference -- 1 TRADE FLOWS IN MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES -- The medical goods and services trade: Relevance, characteristics, and welfare implications -- Drivers of trade in medical goods and services -- Functioning of medical supply chains -- Patterns in medical goods and services trade before the pandemic -- Developments in medical goods and services trade during the pandemic -- Notes -- References -- 2 TRADE POLICIES IN MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES -- Policies affecting medical goods and services trade under normal conditions -- Policies affecting medical goods and services trade during the COVID-19 pandemic -- Notes -- References -- 3 DEEPENING COOPERATION ON MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES TRADE -- International cooperation on trade in medical goods -- Trade policy cooperation to contribute to global health security -- Cooperation beyond trade agreements for global health security -- Notes -- References -- 4 LEVERAGING MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES TRADE FOR FUTURE PANDEMICS: AN ACTION PLAN -- The need for action and reform now -- Proposals and priorities -- Reference -- Boxes -- 1.1 Access to health care: The role of (trade in) health insurance services -- 1.2 WHO's Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel-and the blurred boundaries between trade in medical services and migration of health workers -- 1.3 Recent FDI trends in medical goods and services. , 2.1 General equilibrium analysis of trade and health care costs -- 2.2 Development of export-oriented medical services in selected countries -- 3.1 RTA cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic -- 3.2 Pricing policies for medical goods in the context of international trade -- 3.3 Potential commitments to bolster governance of trade policy in global crises -- 3.4 Health technology transfer to least developed countries -- 3.5 Traceability and illicit trade in medical products in Africa -- Figures -- 1.1 The largest economies, not always high-income economies, are the largest exporters of medical goods and services, leading to concentration -- 1.2 The yearly probability of a pandemic worse than the 1918 influenza pandemic has increased substantially since the 1600s -- 1.3 Growth in GDP per capita is tightly correlated with growth in health spending, though slightly less so in high-income countries -- 1.4 Across economies, population aging explains little of the growth in health spending per capita -- B1.1.1 Private health insurance schemes as a share of total health expenditure in selected countries, 2019 -- 1.5 The health care global value chain -- B1.3.1 Greenfield FDI in the health sector, by segment, 2003-20 -- B1.3.2 Greenfield FDI in the health sector, by income level of source and destination countries, 2003-20 -- B1.3.3 Composition of greenfield FDI in the health sector, by segment and business activity, 2003-20 -- B1.3.4 Share of cross-border M& -- A projects in the health sector, by segment, 2015-20 -- 1.6 MNCs' contribution to global value added and exports varies by industry -- 1.7 Global trade of medical goods has consistently increased -- 1.8 Pharmaceuticals dominate the medical goods sector, and the various product groups' shares in total medical goods trade have remained fairly constant. , 1.9 Medical goods trade is highly concentrated in high-income economies -- 1.10 PPE trade increasingly originates in Asia -- 1.11 Trade in medical services hit US78.6 billion in 2019 -- 1.12 High-income economies account for the bulk of trade in medical services -- 1.13 Medical services exports are concentrated in a few economies -- 1.14 Different Asian exporters of medical services trade differently -- 1.15 Medical services imports are concentrated in a few economies -- 1.16 The growth rate of China's medical goods exports in 2020 dwarfed those of the other top five suppliers -- 1.17 Exports of PPE soared early in the COVID-19 pandemic -- 1.18 Trade in COVID-19 vaccines grew at an accelerated pace, but distribution was unequal -- 1.19 In 2020, medical services traded through modes 2 and 4 fell sharply while mode 1 surged -- 1.20 Low- and middle-income economies saw sharp declines in health services trade in 2020 -- 1.21 Medical services exports through mode 2 dropped in 2020 -- 1.22 The vaccine value chains -- 2.1 High-income economies have consistently lower tariffs across all medical product groups -- 2.2 WTO-notified quantitative restrictions, by type and member income group, 2018-19 -- 2.3 Progress on implementation commitments under the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement -- 2.4 Trade in medical services faces many trade barriers -- 2.5 Implementation of good governance practices in the medical services sector -- 2.6 Recognition of foreign qualifications in the medical services sector -- 2.7 Government support measures for the medical goods sector predated the pandemic -- 2.8 Patterns of trade policy intervention affecting medical goods during the COVID-19 pandemic -- 2.9 Medical goods trade covered by import and export policy measures, January 2020 to January 2022. , 2.10 Impact of COVID-19-related trade policies on trade costs of medical goods imports, by type -- 2.11 NRA decisions on WHO-EUL COVID-19 vaccines, December 2020 to February 2022 -- 2.12 Weekly breakdown of active subsidy policy interventions affecting medical goods since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (excluding China), January 2020 to March 2022 -- 3.1 Average MFN applied tariff, bound duties, and binding coverage of medical goods, by product category and income level -- B3.4.1 Health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, and the LDC beneficiaries of those programs, 2018-20 -- B3.4.2 Types of health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, 2018-20 -- 3.2 Low levels of GATS commitments in medical services trade -- 3.3 The best bilateral or regional trade agreements include more medical services commitments than in GATS -- Tables -- 1.1 Medical goods covered in the report -- 1.2 GATS modes of supply in trade of medical services -- B2.1.1 Foreign value-added share of local health care costs, 2004-19 -- B2.1.2 Simulation results: Long-run annual income gains from tariff cuts in the health care sector, by income group and region -- 2.1 Duration of currently active COVID-19 policy measures affecting medical goods trade -- 4.1 Trade and trade-related policy actions to improve prevention, preparedness, and response for future pandemics.

Additional Edition: Print version: Bank, World Trade Therapy Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2022

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books.

URL: Click to View

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (93 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9781464818783

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Context -- Notes -- References -- 2 Forty Years of Rural Poverty Reduction -- Introduction -- What drove poverty reduction in China? -- Notes -- References -- 3 Drivers of China's Economic Transformation and Poverty Reduction -- Introduction -- Growing agricultural productivity: Higher incomes and more choices -- Progressive industrialization: Better jobs for more people -- Managed urbanization: Multiple gains for migrants and nonmigrant rural families, but persistent inequality of opportunities -- Expanded infrastructure investment: Improved connectivity and job creation for the poor -- Notes -- References -- 4 Poverty Alleviation Strategies -- Introduction -- Area-based poverty alleviation strategies -- Social protection policies -- Targeted poverty alleviation strategy -- Notes -- References -- 5 Implications of China's Poverty Reduction -- China's approach to poverty reduction in a global context -- References -- 6 The Way Ahead -- Introduction -- New drivers of growth and poverty reduction -- Defining new standards and policy objectives for a prosperous China -- Coordinating pro-poor development policies and social protection programs -- Notes -- References -- 7 Conclusions -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Appendix A: Key Household Surveys -- Boxes -- Box 3.1 Agricultural technology extension for poverty reduction: Promoting mulch film in Guyuan -- Box 3.2 Upgrading skills through learning by doing: How Mr. Xie Dewu set up his own valve-making company in Yongjia -- Box 4.1 The evolution of poverty targeting: How China used international expertise -- Box 4.2 Human resources and incentives for targeted poverty alleviation. , Box 4.3 East-West collaboration from the perspective of a poverty-stricken district in Ningxia Autonomous Region -- Box 4.4 How digital technologies were leveraged for targeted poverty alleviation -- Box 5.1 China's poverty reduction policies as a case study in pro-poor governance -- Figures -- Figure ES.1 The two pillars of China's approach to poverty reduction -- Figure 1.1 Poverty reduction in China over the past 40 years based on the 2010 poverty standard -- Figure 1.2 China accounts for almost three-quarters of global extreme poverty reduction since 1981: Poverty headcount based on the international poverty line, 1981-2017 -- Figure 2.1 Rapid economic growth drove poverty reduction -- Figure 2.2 Drivers of rural poverty reduction, 1988-2018 -- Figure 3.1 Rapid and sustained economic growth in China came about with fast economic transformation, 1978-2018 -- Figure 3.2 Labor productivity, particularly from industry, drove high economic growth, 1995-2018 -- Figure 3.3 Employment and productivity of manufacturing, 1978-2001 -- Figure 3.4 Workers benefited from the diversification of jobs and the expansion of wage employment, 1998-2013 -- Figure 3.5 Wage gaps between urban and rural areas narrowed, suggesting that China reached the Lewis tipping point around 2007 -- Figure 3.6 Urbanization in China followed a similar pattern as other fast-growing economies, 1960-2019 -- Figure 3.7 Migration has increased consistently over time, as have migrant earnings as a share of total household income, 1993-2017 -- Figure 3.8 "Floating" populations' income per month -- Figure 3.9 Infrastructure investment grew steadily beginning in the early 1990s -- Figure 4.1 Central and provincial Anti-Poverty Fund allocations, 2001-20 -- Tables -- Table 2.1 Poverty reduction between 1978 and 2019. , Table 4.1 Main social protection programs in rural and urban China, 2019 or latest available data -- Table 4.2 Share of registered poor households achieving "three guarantees" and safe drinking water.

Additional Edition: Print version: Bank, World Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2022 ISBN 9781464818776

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books.

URL: Click to View

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (131 Seiten)

Edition: 1st ed

ISBN: 9781464819452

Series Statement: Women, Business and the Law Series

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Intro -- Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Main Messages -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1 The State of Women's Legal Rights -- Annex 1A Women, Business and the Law Indicator Scores -- Annex 1B Summaries of Reforms -- Chapter 2 Data Trends from Five Decades of Reform -- Appendix A Data Notes -- Appendix B Economy Data -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 About women, business and the law -- Box 1.2 How women, business and the law data and findings can be used to promote policy reform -- Box 1.3 Spotlight on Sub-Saharan Africa -- Box 1.5 Update on measuring the law in practice -- Box 1.4 Women's rights and constraints related to the water sector -- Box 2.1 Recent evidence linking women, business and the law data to beneficial socioeconomic outcome -- Box 2.2 Drivers, barriers, and mechanisms of reforms: Lessons from case studies -- Box A.1 Assumptions used to ensure comparability -- Maps -- Map 1 The global average Women, Business and the Law score is 77.1 -- Map 1A.1 Women, Business and the Law overall scores -- Map 1A.2 Women, Business and the Law mobility indicator scores -- Map 1A.3 Women, Business and the Law workplace indicator scores -- Map 1A.4 Women, Business and the Law pay indicator scores -- Map 1A.5 Women, Business and the Law marriage indicator scores -- Map 1A.6 Women, Business and the Law parenthood indicator scores -- Map 1A.7 Women, Business and the Law entrepreneurship indicator scores -- Map 1A.8 Women, Business and the Law assets indicator scores -- Map 1A.9 Women, Business and the Law pension indicator scores -- Figures -- Figure ES.1 Eight women, business and the law indicators measure legal differences between men and women at different stages of their working life -- Figure ES.2 The largest gaps are in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa , Figure ES.3 In 2021-22, 18 economies enacted reforms across all women, business and the law indicators -- Figure ES.4 Progress toward gender-equal laws has been uneven across time and regions -- Figure ES.5 Historically more unequal areas have reformed faster over time -- Figure ES.6 Expanding the scope of the women, business and the law index -- Figure 1.1 More than 90 million women of working age have gained legal equality in the last decade -- Figure B1.1.1 The eight women, business and the law indicators -- Figure 1.2 Score gaps of more than 50 points exist across all income groups -- Figure 1.3 The largest gaps are in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 1.4 Over the last five years, regions scoring the lowest improved the most -- Figure 1.5 Despite improvements in the past five years, pay and parenthood still have the lowest scores -- Figure 1.6 Sub-Saharan African and lower-middle-income economies reformed the most -- Figure 1.7 In 2021-22, 18 economies enacted reforms across all women, business and the law in indicators -- Figure 1.8 Expanding the scope of the women, business and the law index -- Figure B2.1.1 More gender-equal laws have tangible benefits for women -- Figure 2.1 More than 2,000 reforms have been implemented since 1970, making impressive progress toward moew gender-equal laws -- Figure 2.2 Progress toward gender-equal laws has been uneven across time and regions -- Figure 2.3 Implementing gender reform is not dependent on income level -- Figure 2.4 Workplace has seen the most and mobility the least number of reforms across all eight indicators -- Figure 2.5 Workplace reforms spiked in the 1990s and 2000s -- Figure 2.6 Economies with less gender-equal laws in 1970 are catching up -- Figure 2.7 The case study of indonesia shows that the road to gender equality is not always a straight line , Figure 2.8 Historically more unequal areas have reformed faster over time -- Figure A.1 The eight women, business and the law indicators -- Figure A.2 Sample scoring on the women, business and the law index: Ecuador -- Tables -- Table ES.1 Eighteen economies improved their women, business and the law 2023 score -- Table B1.1.1 Methodological strengths and limitations of the women, business and the law index -- Table 1.1 Women, business and the law 2023 score -- Table 1.2 In 2021-22, economies implemented the highest number of reforms to improve gender equality in the Pay indicator -- Table 1.3 Number of economies with room to reform laws guaranteeing a woman's freedom of movement -- Table 1.4 Number of economies with room to reform laws protecting women in the workplace -- Table 1.5 Number of economies with room to reform laws addressing the gender pay gap -- Table 1.6 Sixty-five economies prohibit women from performing certain tasks -- Table 1.7 Number of economies with room to reform laws related to marriage and divorce -- Table 1.8 Number of economies with room to reform laws incentivizing a woman to work after having children -- Table 1.9 Number of economies with room to reform barriers to women's entrepreneurship -- Table 1.10 Number of economies with room to reform laws granting women equal rights to property and inheritance -- Table 1.11 Number of economies with room to reform laws ensuring a woman's economic security in old age -- Table B1.5.1 Examples of process questions for the pay indicator -- Table B1.5.2 Examples of policies that facilitate effective implementation of laws -- Table B1.5.3 New format of the expert opinion component -- Table 2.1 Economies that have historically lagged behind in the women, business and the law index have been catching up, 1970-2022 , Table 2.2 Lower-scoring economies have been catching up within all eight of the women, business and law indicators, 1970-2022 -- Table A.1 Women, business and the law indicators -- Table A.2 Methodological strengths and limitations of the Women, Business and the Law index -- Table B.1 Economy-level indicator data

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe World Bank, World Women, Business and the Law 2023 Liverpool : World Bank Publications,c2023 ISBN 9781464819445

Language: English