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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vulnerability to Poverty following Extreme Weather Events in Malawi / (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959699030902883
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Severe weather shocks recurrently hit Malawi, and they adversely affect the incomes of many farm households as well as small businesses. With climate change, the frequency of extreme weather events is expected to increase further. A clear understanding of households' vulnerability to shock-induced poverty is critical for disaster risk management and the design of scalable social safety net programs. Standard poverty measures rely on static snapshots that are suitable for quantifying structural poverty but not for assessing the vulnerability of non-poor households to fall below the poverty line when they experience shocks. This study uses a nationally representative household survey and exogenously measured weather shocks to assess households' vulnerability to poverty in Malawi. To accurately estimate the impacts of shocks on consumption and vulnerability, the study excludes any kind of assistance (aid and food or cash transfers) that households might have received after major disasters. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) drought during the growing season decreases non-assistance consumption per capita by 5-12 percent, depending on its intensity; (2) excess rainfall at the onset of the growing season reduces food consumption by 1.8 percent, while excess rainfall later in the growing season appears to increase consumption; (3) vulnerability to poverty is generally higher than static poverty, especially compared to static poverty measured during a good weather year; and (4) in years of extreme droughts, such as 2016, recorded poverty rates are higher than vulnerability, which indicates that the magnitude of drought in 2016 was so large that the chance of falling below the poverty line as a result of an even higher magnitude shock was low. These results suggest that identifying vulnerable households is key in designing adaptive social safety net programs that can be scaled up to cover those who become eligible for such programs after experiencing shocks.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9435
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vulnerability to poverty following extreme weather events in Malawi (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1743778287
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9435
    Content: Severe weather shocks recurrently hit Malawi, and they adversely affect the incomes of many farm households as well as small businesses. With climate change, the frequency of extreme weather events is expected to increase further. A clear understanding of households' vulnerability to shock-induced poverty is critical for disaster risk management and the design of scalable social safety net programs. Standard poverty measures rely on static snapshots that are suitable for quantifying structural poverty but not for assessing the vulnerability of non-poor households to fall below the poverty line when they experience shocks. This study uses a nationally representative household survey and exogenously measured weather shocks to assess households' vulnerability to poverty in Malawi. To accurately estimate the impacts of shocks on consumption and vulnerability, the study excludes any kind of assistance (aid and food or cash transfers) that households might have received after major disasters. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) drought during the growing season decreases non-assistance consumption per capita by 5-12 percent, depending on its intensity; (2) excess rainfall at the onset of the growing season reduces food consumption by 1.8 percent, while excess rainfall later in the growing season appears to increase consumption; (3) vulnerability to poverty is generally higher than static poverty, especially compared to static poverty measured during a good weather year; and (4) in years of extreme droughts, such as 2016, recorded poverty rates are higher than vulnerability, which indicates that the magnitude of drought in 2016 was so large that the chance of falling below the poverty line as a result of an even higher magnitude shock was low. These results suggest that identifying vulnerable households is key in designing adaptive social safety net programs that can be scaled up to cover those who become eligible for such programs after experiencing shocks
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Baquie, Sandra Vulnerability to Poverty following Extreme Weather Events in Malawi Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2020
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9435
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    UB Potsdam
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impacts and Sources of Air Pollution in Tbilisi, Georgia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1878010875
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Content: Air pollution profoundly impacts welfare, causing more deaths globally than malnutrition, AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined. In the Georgian capital, Tbilisi, air pollution levels exceed international standards and surpass levels in other cities in the region. The average monthly PM2.5 concentration in Tbilisi is 20 Mu g/m3, four times higher than the World Health Organization's annual recommended limit. This paper uses multiple data sources -- administrative data, satellite imagery, private real estate transactions, and traffic data -- to estimate the impact of air pollution on the health and productivity of people in Tbilisi. It estimates that a 1 percent increase in PM2.5 levels corresponds to a 0.24 percent increase in respiratory hospitalization rates. A 1 percent increase in PM2.5 is also associated with a 0.2 percent decrease in rental prices. All the estimates are lower bounds of the total impact of air pollution as they only account for short-term consequences. The study shows that traffic and industrial activity are significant drivers of air pollution in Tbilisi. The paper also estimates the positive co-benefits of potential carbon pricing policies from air pollution reduction. Adopting a carbon tax of USD 25 per ton would reduce hospitalizations by 0.44 percent per district by 2036, while increasing rental prices by 0.38 percent
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Baquie, Sandra Impacts and Sources of Air Pollution in Tbilisi, Georgia Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10643
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    UB Potsdam
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Welfare Cost of Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1881725871
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Content: This paper quantifies the impact of drought on household consumption for five main agroecological zones in Africa, developing vulnerability (or damage) functions of the relationship between rainfall deficits and poverty. Damage functions are a key element in models that quantify the risk of extreme weather and the impacts of climate change. Although these functions are commonly estimated for storm or flood damages to buildings, they are less often available for income losses from droughts. The paper takes a regional approach to the analysis, developing standardized hazard definitions and methods for matching hazard and household data, allowing survey data from close to 100,000 households to be used in the analysis. The damage functions are used to quantify the impact of historical weather conditions on poverty for eight countries, highlighting the risk to poverty outcomes that weather variability causes. National poverty rates are 1-12 percent higher, depending on the country, under the worst weather conditions relative to the best conditions observed in the past 13 years. This amounts to an increase in the total poverty gap that ranges from USD 4 million to USD 2.4 billion (2011 purchasing power parity)
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Gascoigne, Jon The Welfare Cost of Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2024
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10683
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Open Access Request
    UB Potsdam
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental Hazards, Climate, and Health in Cambodia : The Shield of Sanitation (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1885607687
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Content: Environmental degradation is the largest public health challenge of the century and is likely to be exacerbated by climate change. This study undertakes a comprehensive examination of the health implications of environmental hazards in Cambodia, simultaneously addressing extreme temperatures, precipitation patterns, and air pollution. It leverages data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and satellite-derived metrics on temperature, precipitation, and fine particulate matter. The analysis identifies a positive association between temperature and the occurrence of diarrhea and cough among children and a nonlinear relationship between precipitation and these health outcomes. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that pollution significantly impacts cough incidence. To anticipate future trends, climate simulations are employed to forecast the incidence of child diarrhea in Cambodia under different climate and development scenarios. The projections indicate that diarrhea incidence could increase to 19 percent by 2040 without significant adaptation measures that would lessen the adverse impact of weather. For instance, the acceleration in toilet ownership over the last decade reduced diarrhea incidence by at least 1.2 to 1.4 percentage points. Nevertheless, the path ahead requires proactive efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene. The forecasts suggest that, without additional strategies to counter climate change's adverse effects, only universal toilet ownership would contain the climate-driven increase in diarrhea incidence expected by 2040
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Aguilar Gomez, Sandra Environmental Hazards, Climate, and Health in Cambodia: The Shield of Sanitation Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2024
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10715
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Open Access Request
    UB Potsdam
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Background Note on Bringing Climate Change into Vulnerability Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1877052922
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 39458
    Content: Weather vulnerability is often assessed using historical data, but this can be very misleading in a world of changing climate. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, while climate is the weather averaged over a long period. With climate change, some places are becoming wetter, some drier, and extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, floods, droughts, and tropical cyclones, are becoming more likely. Hence, the nature of weather risks will vary considerably. Despite the magnitude of this shift, there is currently no widely accepted method for bringing climate change into catastrophe risk modeling. The objective of this note is to review, compare, and contrast the different techniques used in this literature to include climate change into vulnerability analysis. To do so, it summarizes recent research papers exploring how to bring climate change into catastrophe risk modeling. The note builds on this review to propose and explain a robust methodology and highlight its potential caveats. As such, this note is a first step towards unifying approaches and disseminating the analysis of climate change in vulnerability analysis. The method proposed in this note can be applied by researchers, economists, and public policy practitioners to study a wide range of topics, from the impact of climate change on diseases to stress-testing social protection programs
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/40533
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    UB Potsdam
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vulnerability to Poverty following Extreme Weather Events in Malawi / (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    edocfu_9959699030902883
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Severe weather shocks recurrently hit Malawi, and they adversely affect the incomes of many farm households as well as small businesses. With climate change, the frequency of extreme weather events is expected to increase further. A clear understanding of households' vulnerability to shock-induced poverty is critical for disaster risk management and the design of scalable social safety net programs. Standard poverty measures rely on static snapshots that are suitable for quantifying structural poverty but not for assessing the vulnerability of non-poor households to fall below the poverty line when they experience shocks. This study uses a nationally representative household survey and exogenously measured weather shocks to assess households' vulnerability to poverty in Malawi. To accurately estimate the impacts of shocks on consumption and vulnerability, the study excludes any kind of assistance (aid and food or cash transfers) that households might have received after major disasters. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) drought during the growing season decreases non-assistance consumption per capita by 5-12 percent, depending on its intensity; (2) excess rainfall at the onset of the growing season reduces food consumption by 1.8 percent, while excess rainfall later in the growing season appears to increase consumption; (3) vulnerability to poverty is generally higher than static poverty, especially compared to static poverty measured during a good weather year; and (4) in years of extreme droughts, such as 2016, recorded poverty rates are higher than vulnerability, which indicates that the magnitude of drought in 2016 was so large that the chance of falling below the poverty line as a result of an even higher magnitude shock was low. These results suggest that identifying vulnerable households is key in designing adaptive social safety net programs that can be scaled up to cover those who become eligible for such programs after experiencing shocks.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9435
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    FU Berlin
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vulnerability to Poverty following Extreme Weather Events in Malawi / (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9959699030902883
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Severe weather shocks recurrently hit Malawi, and they adversely affect the incomes of many farm households as well as small businesses. With climate change, the frequency of extreme weather events is expected to increase further. A clear understanding of households' vulnerability to shock-induced poverty is critical for disaster risk management and the design of scalable social safety net programs. Standard poverty measures rely on static snapshots that are suitable for quantifying structural poverty but not for assessing the vulnerability of non-poor households to fall below the poverty line when they experience shocks. This study uses a nationally representative household survey and exogenously measured weather shocks to assess households' vulnerability to poverty in Malawi. To accurately estimate the impacts of shocks on consumption and vulnerability, the study excludes any kind of assistance (aid and food or cash transfers) that households might have received after major disasters. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) drought during the growing season decreases non-assistance consumption per capita by 5-12 percent, depending on its intensity; (2) excess rainfall at the onset of the growing season reduces food consumption by 1.8 percent, while excess rainfall later in the growing season appears to increase consumption; (3) vulnerability to poverty is generally higher than static poverty, especially compared to static poverty measured during a good weather year; and (4) in years of extreme droughts, such as 2016, recorded poverty rates are higher than vulnerability, which indicates that the magnitude of drought in 2016 was so large that the chance of falling below the poverty line as a result of an even higher magnitude shock was low. These results suggest that identifying vulnerable households is key in designing adaptive social safety net programs that can be scaled up to cover those who become eligible for such programs after experiencing shocks.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9435
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    Charité
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vulnerability to Poverty Following Extreme Weather Events in Malawi (2020)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1759619337
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper No. 9435
    Content: Severe weather shocks recurrently hit Malawi, and they adversely affect the incomes of many farm households as well as small businesses. With climate change, the frequency of extreme weather events is expected to increase further. A clear understanding of households’ vulnerability to shock-induced poverty is critical for disaster risk management and the design of scalable social safety net programs. Standard poverty measures rely on static snapshots that are suitable for quantifying structural poverty but not for assessing the vulnerability of non-poor households to fall below the poverty line when they experience shocks. This study uses a nationally representative household survey and exogenously measured weather shocks to assess households' vulnerability to poverty in Malawi. To accurately estimate the impacts of shocks on consumption and vulnerability, the study excludes any kind of assistance (aid and food or cash transfers) that households might have received after major disasters. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) drought during the growing season decreases non-assistance consumption per capita by 5–12 percent, depending on its intensity; (2) excess rainfall at the onset of the growing season reduces food consumption by 1.8 percent, while excess rainfall later in the growing season appears to increase consumption; (3) vulnerability to poverty is generally higher than static poverty, especially compared to static poverty measured during a good weather year; and (4) in years of extreme droughts, such as 2016, recorded poverty rates are higher than vulnerability, which indicates that the magnitude of drought in 2016 was so large that the chance of falling below the poverty line as a result of an even higher magnitude shock was low. These results suggest that identifying vulnerable households is key in designing adaptive social safety net programs that can be scaled up to cover those who become eligible for such programs after experiencing shocks
    Note: Africa , Malawi , English
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Background Note on Bringing Climate Change into Vulnerability Analysis (2023)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1892380021
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight - Poverty and Equity
    Content: Weather vulnerability is often assessed using historical data, but this can be very misleading in a world of changing climate. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, while climate is the weather averaged over a long period. With climate change, some places are becoming wetter, some drier, and extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, floods, droughts, and tropical cyclones, are becoming more likely. Hence, the nature of weather risks will vary considerably. Despite the magnitude of this shift, there is currently no widely accepted method for bringing climate change into catastrophe risk modeling. The objective of this note is to review, compare, and contrast the different techniques used in this literature to include climate change into vulnerability analysis. To do so, it summarizes recent research papers exploring how to bring climate change into catastrophe risk modeling. The note builds on this review to propose and explain a robust methodology and highlight its potential caveats. As such, this note is a first step towards unifying approaches and disseminating the analysis of climate change in vulnerability analysis. The method proposed in this note can be applied by researchers, economists, and public policy practitioners to study a wide range of topics, from the impact of climate change on diseases to stress-testing social protection programs
    Note: English , en_US
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
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