UID:
almahu_9949707971802882
Format:
1 online resource (229 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781464817403
Note:
Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Main Messages -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Part I The Status Quo Institutions That Allocate Water -- Chapter 1 An Economic View of Water Scarcity: The Inescapable Role of the State in Allocating Water -- Introduction -- What is the price of water? -- Identifying reform directions using an economic lens -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Middle East and North Africa: Diversity of Economic and Hydrological Context -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Supply-Side Institutions That Build Large Infrastructure but Fail to Reduce Water Stress -- Origins and evolution of water institutions in the Middle East and North Africa -- Industrial-scale expansion of water-related infrastructure -- Signs of distress in managing supply-side infrastructure -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Demand-Side Behavior That Challenges States' Ability to Raise Finance and Regulate Water -- Drivers of water demand -- How the two main consumptive uses of water-irrigated agriculture and cities-interact and shape long-term financing options -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Externalities: Status and Trends of Water Depletion and Pollution -- Identification of externalities is a first step toward valuing water -- Water depletion -- Pollution of freshwater and marine resources -- compound effects of water-related externalities -- Hidden costs of water-related externalities -- Notes -- References -- Part II Understanding Why Status Quo Institutions Produce Outcomes That Endanger Water Security and Well-Being -- Chapter 6 Economic Framework to Understand How State Institutions Function in Allocating, Managing, and Investing in Water -- Introduction -- The framework -- Applying the framework to understand the state's tariff and revenue-raising capacity to invest in water.
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Applying the framework to understand quantity regulations to conserve water as a resource -- Applying the framework to understand the performance of water utilities -- Relationship between legitimacy and trust: applying the link across the three principal-agent relationships -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Why Policy Has Focused on Supply-Side Investments and Ignored Demand-Side Problems of Overusing and Polluting Water -- Introduction -- Resolving trade-offs: how formal institutional setups fail to resolve citizens' conflicting water demands -- Demand-side interventions in agricultural water management -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Applying the Framework to Understand Why Utilities Are Distressed and Households Receive Poor Service -- Introduction -- Regulatory relationship between the state and WSS utilities -- Problem of performance of WSS utilities -- Notes -- References -- Part III Policy Ideas for the Leaders and People of MENA to Defuse Water Crises and Transform Their Economies -- Chapter 9 The Fundamental Importance of Informal Institutions of Legitimacy and Trust -- Introduction -- Legitimacy of tariffs -- Trust in public utilities and regulatory agencies -- Role of local political contestation -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 10 Building Trusted and Creditworthy Utilities That Deliver Services and Attract Long-Term Financing -- Introduction -- Relationship between "hard" infrastructure and "soft" management policies -- Delegation of greater autonomy and discretion to utility managers and staff -- Technical independence of regulators -- Structure of water tariffs -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 11 Approach to Institutional Reforms in Water Management and Allocation -- Introduction -- Tension between the science behind the water balance and the political process of setting limits.
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Empowering local leaders to manage water allocation decisions and trade-offs -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 12 Communication as a Necessary Complement to Water Policy Reforms -- Introduction -- Using communication to shift beliefs and expectations -- The role of local political leaders in winning public acceptance and legitimacy for reducing water consumption -- Using national water strategies to reshape norms of water allocation and use -- Notes -- References -- Appendix: Institutions Involved in Developing Supply-Side Infrastructure Versus Institutions Operating and Maintaining Infrastructure -- Glossary -- Box -- Box 6.1 Definitions of "legitimacy" and "trust" from economics and game theory research -- Figures -- Figure 2.1 Renewable water resources per capita per year, by economy, 2017 -- Figure 2.2 Renewable water resources per person per year, Middle East and North Africa, 2018 -- Figure 2.3 Urban population share of water withdrawals versus per capita water withdrawals, Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 2.4 Share of nonconventional water in total water withdrawals, Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 2.5 Rural population share versus renewable water resources per capita -- Figure 2.6 Sustainability of water withdrawals in the Middle East and North Africa, by source -- Figure 3.1 Total freshwater capacity and withdrawals in the Middle East and North Africa, 1960-2020 -- Figure 3.2 Desalination and reuse capacity in the Middle East and North Africa, 1960-2020 -- Figure 3.3 Global share of desalinated water capacity, 2021 -- Figure 3.4 Water and sewer network connections in the Middle East and North Africa, 2000-17 -- Figure 3.5 Change in access to piped water and sewage connections, Middle East and North Africa, 2000-17 -- Figure 3.6 Expansion of irrigated area across the Middle East and North Africa and area irrigated, 1997-2017.
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Figure 3.7 Expansion of irrigated area, by economy, 2017 -- Figure 3.8 Operating cost recovery ratio for selected utilities and years across the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 3.9 Nonrevenue water of selected utilities in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 4.1 Water withdrawals, by sector and economy -- Figure 4.2 Gross agricultural output, by economy, 1961-2018 -- Figure 4.3 Irrigation water productivity, by economy -- Figure 4.4 Irrigation water productivity and per capita agricultural water withdrawals, by economy -- Figure 4.5 Domestic production and use of fruits and vegetables across the Middle East and North Africa, 1961-2013 -- Figure 4.6 Domestic production and use of cereals across the Middle East and North Africa, 1961-2013 -- Figure 4.7 Agriculture sector's share of GDP and total employment in countries with rural populations over 10 million -- Figure 4.8 Proportion of total water withdrawals allocated to agriculture and relative contributions to GDP of irrigated and rainfed agriculture, 2018 -- Figure 4.9 Domestic water withdrawal, by country grouping and quartile of the distribution -- Figure 4.10 Higher tariffs, lower water withdrawals per capita -- Figure 4.11 Cost of 100 liters per capita per day relative to income consumption quintile, by economy -- Figure 4.12 Primary source of drinking water, circa 2000 and circa 2015 -- Figure 5.1 Examples of nested sets of negative externalities in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 5.2 Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems, 2001-05 to 2016 -- Figure 5.3 Water table level and annual precipitation at Tel Hadya Research Station, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic, 1984-2010 -- Figure 5.4 Safely treated wastewater flows from households -- Figure 5.5 Iraq: Households' main source of drinking water, by governorate.
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Figure 5.6 Economic losses from inadequate water supply and sanitation -- Figure 5.7 Mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene services, 2016 -- Figure 5.8 Deaths caused by diarrhea in children younger than age five, 2017 -- Figure 6.1 Principal-agent relationships of government -- Figure 7.1 Fundamental principal-agent relationships of the common pool resource problem -- Figure 7.2 National Water Authority Board of Israel -- Figure 7.3 Steps along the pathway to water conservation policies and water reallocation within economies -- Figure 7.4 The unavoidable process of converting users into legal or illegal users when establishing formal water rights and setting explicit legal limits to withdrawals -- Figure 7.5 The spectrum of types of water rights from public to private -- Figure 7.6 Relative administrate burden of legal use regimes established in different countries -- Figure 8.1 Principal-agent relationships of water supply and sanitation utilities -- Figure 8.2 Public-private partnership investment projects in water and sanitation services, 1990-2020 -- Figure 9.1 Social unrest in Jordan, 2016-21 -- Figure 9.2 People in MENA say that "fighting rising prices" is among their top two priorities -- Figure 9.3 Respondents saying that government performance is "very bad," the highest category of disapproval -- Figure 9.4 People's responses to a question about whether cheating on taxes is justifiable -- Figure 9.5 Comparing the "justifiability" of various actions, MENA and non-MENA countries -- Figure 9.6 How labor market conditions feature in social unrest in the Arab Republic of Egypt and Morocco, 2016-21 -- Figure 9.7 Participation in local and national elections -- Figure 9.8 People's views of the importance of honest elections.
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Figure 9.9 Malpractice in elections: Respondents answering that bad practices occur during elections "very often" or "fairly often".
Additional Edition:
Print version: de Waal, Dominick The Economics of Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2023 ISBN 9781464817397
Language:
English
Keywords:
Electronic books.
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