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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adjusting To Trade-Policy Changes in Export Markets : Evidence From U.S. Antidumping Duties On Vietnamese Catfish (2009)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958112277602883
    Format: 1 online resource (50 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: A large literature studies the effects of trade policy changes on developing-country exports on household incomes, and recent contributions have increasingly addressed the effects of administered protection, such as anti-dumping duties. In 2003 the United States imposed anti-dumping tariffs on imports of catfish from Vietnam ranging from 37 to 64 percent. As a result, Vietnamese exports of catfish to the U.S. market declined sharply, thus providing a unique opportunity to study the effects of U.S. trade policy changes on Vietnamese families. Using data on Vietnamese households, the authors study the responses of catfish producers in the Mekong delta of Vietnam between 2002 and 2004. The evidence suggests that the rate of growth of income of households that depended on catfish sales was significantly affected. In addition, the anti-dumping duties triggered significant exit from catfish farming. Households adjusted by moving out of catfish aquaculture and into wage labor markets and agriculture, but not into other aquaculture activities. Finally, the evidence also suggests that households found it difficult to change their catfish production levels, and that performance in aquaculture affects other household economic activities.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4990
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exporters, Engineers, and Blue-Collar Workers / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143928202883
    Format: 1 online resource (16 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper investigates differences in the composition of employment between exporting and non-exporting firms. In particular, it asks whether exporting firms hire more engineers relative to blue-collar workers than non-exporting firms. In a stylized partial-equilibrium model, firms produce goods of varying quality and exporters tend to produce higher quality goods, which are intensive in engineers relative to blue-collar workers. Firms are heterogeneous and more productive firms become exporters and have a higher demand for engineers. The paper provides causal evidence in support of these theories using the Chilean Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual, an annual census of manufacturing firms. The results from an instrumental variable estimator suggest that Chilean exporters indeed utilize a higher share of engineers over blue-collar workers.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7686
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Realizing the gains from trade : export crops, marketing costs, and poverty (2007)
    Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049074134
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg Also available in print
    Series Statement: NBER working paper series working paper 13395
    Content: "This paper explores the role of export costs in the process of poverty reduction in rural Africa. We claim that the marketing costs that emerge when the commercialization of export crops requires intermediaries can lead to lower participation into export cropping and, thus, to higher poverty. We test the model using data from the Uganda National Household Survey. We show that: i) farmers living in villages with fewer outlets for sales of agricultural exports are likely to be poorer than farmers residing in market-endowed villages; ii) market availability leads to increased household participation in export cropping (coffee, tea, cotton, fruits); iii) households engaged in export cropping are less likely to be poor than subsistence-based households. We conclude that the availability of markets for agricultural export crops help realize the gains from trade. This result uncovers the role of complementary factors that provide market access and reduce marketing costs as key building blocks in the link between the gains from export opportunities and the poor"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/21/2007
    Additional Edition: Balat, Jorge F Realizing the gains from trade
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Farm productivity and market structure : evidence from cotton reforms in Zambia (2005)
    Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049074720
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg Also available in print
    Series Statement: NBER working paper series working paper 11804
    Content: "This paper investigates the impacts of cotton marketing reforms on farm productivity, a key element for poverty alleviation, in rural Zambia. The reforms comprised the elimination of the Zambian cotton marketing board that was in place since 1977. Following liberalization, the sector adopted an outgrower scheme, whereby firms provided extension services to farmers and sold inputs on loans that were repaid at the time of harvest. There are two distinctive phases of the reforms: a failure of the outgrower scheme, and a subsequent period of success of the scheme. Our findings indicate that the reforms led to interesting dynamics in cotton farming. During the phase of failure, farmers were pushed back into subsistence and productivity in cotton declined. With the improvement of the outgrower scheme of later years, farmers devoted larger shares of land to cash crops, and farm productivity significantly increased"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/29/2005
    Additional Edition: Brambilla, Irene Farm productivity and market structure
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Patterns of Labor Market Adjustment to Trade Shocks with Imperfect Capital Mobility / (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960070281502883
    Format: 1 online resource (59 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper explores how different investment frictions affect the patterns of responses of labor markets to tariff cuts. To investigate these patterns, this paper formulates a multi-sector dynamic model featuring capital and labor adjustment costs that is fitted to Argentine data. Counterfactual simulations of a tariff decline in the textile sector are used to show that capital adjustment can create long-run responses of real wages that are larger than the short-run responses. This happens as textile firms disinvest during the transition. This paper also shows that the reduction of tariffs on capital inputs boosts investment and real wages across sectors. This paper assesses the nature of capital adjustment costs, including fixed, convex, and irreversibility costs in determining these patterns of labor market responses to trade reforms.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9775
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Investment in ICT, Productivity, and Labor Demand : The Case of Argentina (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958383577402883
    Format: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper explores the impact of the adoption of information and communications technology on firm performance and labor market outcomes using a firm survey from the manufacturing sector in Argentina. The findings are that at the firm level adoption of information and communications technology leads to increases in firm productivity and wages, and that the effects are heterogeneous across firms, being larger for initially high-productivity and high-skill firms. The increase in wages occurs even after controlling for skill composition, implying that there are productivity and rent-sharing mechanisms at play. Further findings show that adoption of information and communications technology is associated with employment turnover as captured by the replacement of workers, elimination of occupations, creation of new occupations, and decrease in the share of unskilled workers, supporting the view that ICT is complementary with skilled labor. At the same time, there is an increase in employment across all skill categories. This result is compatible with positive output effects that drive employment, and with job turnover within the unskilled group.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8325
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exporting Firms and the Demand for Skilled Tasks / (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958975987702883
    Format: 1 online resource (25 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper explores the link between exports and the demand for skilled tasks. Using the Chilean Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual (ENIA), an annual census of manufacturing firms, the analysis first shows that Chilean exporters utilize more skills than Chilean non-exporters. More importantly, there is a distinct pattern of task differentiation among exporters both within skilled and unskilled tasks. Exporting firms demand the services of skilled specialized workers (engineers) as opposed to skilled administrative workers and managers. In addition, exporters demand less unskilled labor, especially blue-collar operatives. This suggests that exporters substitute skilled engineers for unskilled blue-collar workers to perform export-related tasks.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8603
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digital Technology Adoption and Jobs : A Model of Firm Heterogeneity (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958383577302883
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper develops a theoretical framework that expands the task-based models of technical progress and labor markets to allow for firm heterogeneity and wages that vary across firms. The model is compatible with the empirical observation that more productive firms are larger, are more skill intensive, and pay higher wages across skill categories. The model predicts that the decision to invest in information and communications technology depends on firm size and labor market characteristics. As a result of investment in information and communications technology firms grow, become more intensive in complex tasks, become more skilled intensive, and employ more skilled workers as long as skilled labor is complementary to information and communications technology. Employment of unskilled workers increases as well, provided that firm output growth is sufficiently high to overcome the negative substitution effect. Workers who remain employed are better off because their wage increases with information and communications technology. To the extent that skilled workers have more bargaining power than unskilled workers, or that their wage scheme is more tied to firm performance, wage inequality at the firm level increases with information and communications technology.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8326
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Skills, exports, and the wages of five million Latin American workers (2010)
    Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048264688
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: NBER working paper series working paper 15996
    Content: "The returns to schooling or the skill premium is a key parameter in various literatures, including globalization and inequality and international migration. This paper explores the skill premium and its link to exports in Latin America, thus linking the skill premium to the emerging literature on the structure of trade and development. Using data on employment and wages for over five million workers in sixteen Latin American economies, the authors estimate national and industry-specific skill premiums and study some of their determinants. The evidence suggests that both country and industry characteristics are important in explaining skill premiums. The analysis also suggests that the incidence of exports within industries, the average income per capita within countries, and the relative abundance of skilled workers are related to the underlying industry and country characteristics that explain skill premiums. In particular, higher sectoral exports are positively linked with the skill premium at the industry level, a result that supports recent trade models linking exports with wages and the demand for skills"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/27/2010
    Additional Edition: Brambilla, Irene Skills, exports, and the wages of five million Latin American workers
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5246
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digital technology adoption and jobs : a model of firm heterogeneity (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice Group
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1016185731
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8326
    Content: This paper develops a theoretical framework that expands the task-based models of technical progress and labor markets to allow for firm heterogeneity and wages that vary across firms. The model is compatible with the empirical observation that more productive firms are larger, are more skill intensive, and pay higher wages across skill categories. The model predicts that the decision to invest in information and communications technology depends on firm size and labor market characteristics. As a result of investment in information and communications technology firms grow, become more intensive in complex tasks, become more skilled intensive, and employ more skilled workers as long as skilled labor is complementary to information and communications technology. Employment of unskilled workers increases as well, provided that firm output growth is sufficiently high to overcome the negative substitution effect. Workers who remain employed are better off because their wage increases with information and communications technology. To the extent that skilled workers have more bargaining power than unskilled workers, or that their wage scheme is more tied to firm performance, wage inequality at the firm level increases with information and communications technology
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Brambilla, Irene Digital Technology Adoption and Jobs: A Model of Firm Heterogeneity Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2018
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8326
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    UB Potsdam
    MPI Bildungsforschung
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