UID:
almafu_9958909386602883
Format:
1 online resource (120 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781464811395
,
1464811393
Series Statement:
Directions in Development
Content:
High levels of trade costs persist in the world trading system, despite recent progress in tariff reduction, trade facilitation, and logistics. At least some of these costs can be attributed to non-tariff measures (NTMs), policies imposed by governments other than ordinary customs duties which have an impact on the price at which exports and imports are traded, the quantities traded, or both. Such costs are particularly worrisome if they have a discriminatory or protectionist effect, or violate countries' international commitments. However, even NTMs designed to carry out domestic regulatory objectives - for example, protection of human, animal or plant health, consumer or workplace safety, or the environment - can have substantial effects on international trade, which should be considered when such policies are developed.This book discusses some of the analytical methods that can be used to accompany the process of policy development for NTMs. It discusses the broad economic rationale for improving the design of NTMs;, illustrates the main forms of quantification of NTMs and their effects, including inventory approaches, price-based approaches, and quantity-based approaches; proposes a new analytical and measurable concept of 'regulatory distance' to help guide deep integration efforts at the regional level; provides a discussion of the effects of NTMs on household expenditures, poverty, and firm competitiveness; and shows how empirical analysis of NTMs can be used to inform policy advice. As such, it should provide a valuable addition to the arsenal of tools available for applied analysis of international trade policy.
Note:
Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Note -- References -- Chapter 2 The Policy Case for Tackling Non-Tariff Measures -- Trade as an Engine of Growth -- High Trade Costs in Spite of Liberalization -- Streamline, Not Eliminate: The Basic Welfare Economics of NTMs -- Regional Efforts at Tackling NTMs -- Making NTM Streamlining Part of Country-Level Competitiveness Agendas -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Big Numbers: Do NTMs Matter? -- How Prevalent Are NTMs? The Inventory Approach -- How Stringent Are NTMs? Price-Based and Quantity-Based Methods for Calculating the Ad Valorem Equivalent of NTMs -- How Do NTMs Differ? A Regulatory Distance Approach -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Which NTMs Matter for Household Expenditures, Poverty, and Firms' Competitiveness? -- Non-Tariff Measures and Poverty -- Firms' Access to Imported Inputs -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Getting to Policy Advice -- Identifying and Flagging Problem Cases -- Registration Requirements Hampering Entry and Competition in the Steel Sector in Indonesia -- Export Registration Requirements and Mandatory Certificates of Origin Increase the Cost of Exports in Cambodia -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 Conclusions -- Appendix A Sources for Policy Data on NTMs -- Appendix B Some Methods for Handicraft and Mass-Produced Handicraft Estimates of Tariff Equivalents -- Appendix C Model to Estimate Trade Costs to Export -- Appendix D Price Index of Products with and without Import Bans in Nigeria -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 Mexico's Experience with Regulatory Reform -- Box 4.1 NTM Pass-Through to Domestic Prices -- Box 5.1 Are the Results Driven by Compositional Effects? -- Figures -- Figure 2.1 Sample Means of Growth and Investment around the Date of Trade Liberalization.
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Figure 2.2 Average Tariffs, by Country Income Level, 1980s-2000s -- Figure 2.3 Transformation of Non-Tariff Barriers in the Middle East and North Africa Region, 2001 and 2011 -- Figure 2.4 Evolution of Gravity-Simulated Trade Costs, by Country Income Level, 1996-2009 -- Figure 2.5 Number of Non-Tariff Barriers Identified for Elimination in the East African Community Time-Bound Program, by Priority, 2008 and 2010 -- Figure 2.6 Workflow of Planned NTM Reviews in Cambodia -- Figure 3.1 Frequency Index, Coverage Ratio, and Prevalence Score, by Country -- Figure 3.2 Frequency Index, Coverage Ratio, and Pervasiveness Score, by Harmonized System Chapter and Region -- Figure 3.3 Combined Ad Valorem Equivalents, by Sector -- Figure 3.4 NTM Compliance Costs versus Market-Creating Effects -- Figure 3.5 Estimated Equilibrium Changes, by Country -- Figure 3.6 Bilateral Regulatory Distance for Manufactured Products and TBT Measures -- Figure 3.7 Bilateral Regulatory Distance for Agri-Food Products and SPS Measures -- Figure 3.8 Bilateral Regulatory Distance for Manufactured Products and TBT Measures -- Figure 3.9 Patterns of Non-Tariff Measures: Distance from International Best Practices -- Figure 3.10 Price Effect versus Regulatory Distance with Partners, by Country -- Figure 4.1 Consumption-Weighted Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVE) for Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures Faced by Kenyan Households -- Figure 5.1 Decomposition of the Variation in Unit Values across Products and Country Pairs -- Figure 5.2 Distribution of Unit Value Residuals and Relative Position of Imported Steel Bars and Rods (Harmonized System 721310) in Indonesia -- Figure 5.3 Relative Position of Imported Steel Bars and Rods (Harmonized System 721310) in the Distribution of Unit Value Residuals in Indonesia, by Origin.
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Figure 5.4 Unit Value Residuals for Imported Steel Bars and Rods (Harmonized System 721310) in Indonesia, by Country of Origin -- Figure 5.5 Licensing or Permit Requirements to Export in Select Countries: Coverage and Frequency Ratios -- Figure 5.6 Number of Exporters and per Capita Income in Cambodia, 2009 -- Figure 5.7 Distribution of Export Value across Firms in Cambodia, 2009 -- Figure 5.8 Export Size, Concentration, and Survival Rate of Firms, by Country 2009 -- Figure 5.9 Estimated Probability to Export in Five Southeast Asian Countries, by Firm Size -- Figure 5.10 Estimated Fixed Costs to Export in Five Southeast Asian Countries -- Figure 5.11 Burdensome Internal NTMs Faced by Exporters in Cambodia, 2013 -- Figure 5.12 Effect of an Import Prohibition When the Domestic Market Structure Is Competitive -- Figure 5.13 Effect of an Import Prohibition When the Domestic Market Structure Is a Monopoly -- Figure 5.14 Price Levels in Nigeria, by Cluster and Region -- Figure 5.15 Price Levels of Banned and Other Products in Nigeria, by Region -- Figure 5.16 Gain in Real Income from the Elimination of Prohibitions in Nigeria, by Income Quartile -- Figure 5.17 Gain in Real Income from the Elimination of Import Bans in Nigeria, by Income Quartile and Product Category -- Figure 5.18 Gains in Real Income from the Elimination of Bans in Nigeria, by Region -- Figure 5.19 Shift in the Distribution of Real Income Generated by the Elimination of Import Prohibitions in Nigeria -- Figure 5.20 Consumer Price Index with and without the Elimination of Import Bans in Nigeria, 2008-11 -- Figure B.1 Prices along the Supply Chain -- Tables -- Table 3.1 Frequency Index, by Economic Sector -- Table 3.2 External Occurrence of Nontrade Measures for Tunisian Exports -- Table 3.3 Average Ad Valorem Equivalents for Non-Tariff Measures, by Type and Sector.
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Table 3.4 Regression Results for Regulatory Distance and Regional Trade Agreements -- Table 4.1 Frequency Ratios, by Non-Tariff Measure Chapter Level -- Table 4.2 Coverage Ratio, by Non-Tariff Measure Chapter Level -- Table 4.3 Leading Categories of Reported Non-Tariff Measures, by Coverage Ratio -- Table B5.1.1 Size, Concentration, and Survival Rate of Export Firms in Cambodia -- Table 5.1 Share of Exporters in Five Southeast Asian Countries, by Firm Size, 2009 -- Table 5.2 Median Size and Productivity of Exporters in Five Southeast Asian Countries -- Table 5.3 Indicators of Trading across Borders in Five Southeast Asian Countries -- Table 5.4 Products Subject to Import Bans in Nigeria -- Table 5.5 Household Expenditure Patterns in Nigeria, by Region -- Table 5.6 Household Expenditure Patterns in Nigeria, by Income Quartile -- Table 5.7 Price-Gap Calculations for Lagos versus Nairobi -- Table 5.8 Inflation Rates on Locally Produced, Imported, and Banned Products in Nigeria -- Table 5.9 Effect of the Elimination of Prohibitions on the Price Index and Inflation in Nigeria, 2008-11 -- Table A.1 Countries Available in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Non-Tariff Measures Database as of 2014 -- Table C.1 Regression Results for the Expected Probability of Cambodia Firms to Export, by Firm Size -- Table D.1 Price Index of Products with Import Bans in Nigeria, by Region -- Table D.2 Price Index of Products with and without Import Bans in Lagos, Nigeria.
Additional Edition:
ISBN 9781464811388
Additional Edition:
ISBN 1464811385
Language:
English
URL:
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1138-8
URL:
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