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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seeking Shared Prosperity through Trade (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269582
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Social Protections and Labor
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cal�, Massimiliano Seeking Shared Prosperity through Trade Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2015
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7314
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Labor Content of Exports Database (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269087
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cali, Massimiliano The Labor Content of Exports Database Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2016
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7615
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Much Labor Do South African Exports Contain? (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269491
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Like many emerging economies, South Africa has identified exports as an engine for more inclusive, job-intensive growth. However, employment growth did not follow the substantial export growth that South Africa experienced in the 2000s. This paper uses a newly developed World Bank database-the Labor Content of Exports-to show that the composition of South Africa's export growth helps to understand the weak relationship between export and employment growth. Minerals exports, which propelled export as well as wage growth, are not job intensive and as a result supported far less job growth. Minerals have also increasingly become an enclave sector with few backward linkages to the domestic economy. In contrast, manufacturing exports support jobs and wages primarily in input-providing sectors, where indirect manufacturing employment is nearly 4.5 times greater than direct manufacturing employment. The paper also documents a shift in the labor content of global value chain-intensive manufacturing sectors away from direct manufacturing to indirect services. Such a shift has been biased toward skilled labor. As a results of these trends, labor in services sectors has been the main beneficiary of South Africa's export growth, absorbing more than half of the growth in wage income from exports over the 2000s, primarily by supplying inputs to other sectors' exports
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cali, Massimiliano How Much Labor Do South African Exports Contain? Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2017
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8037
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade and Civil Conflict : Revisiting the Cross-Country Evidence (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048266558
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Content: This paper revisits and expands the evidence on the impact of trade shocks on intra-state conflict with a large sample of developing countries in the 1960-2010 period. The results suggest that increases in the prices of a country's exported commodities raise the country's risk of civil conflict and its duration. The effect on conflict risk is mainly driven by the price of point-source commodities, in line with the rapacity effect theory of conflict. However, the paper does not find support for the opportunity cost theory via exported commodities. The analysis also finds that intense trading with contiguous countries is associated with lower duration of intra-state conflict, consistent with the idea that such trade reduces the incentive of contiguous countries to fuel conflict in their neighbor. Trading with neighbors is also associated with a lower risk of conflict, when such trade occurs under trade agreements. By contrast, neither imported commodity prices nor the economic cycle in export markets appears to exert any influence on the probability or duration of conflict. The paper identifies several conditions under which changes in the value of exported commodities cease to matter for conflict probability
    Additional Edition: Calì, Massimiliano Trade and Civil Conflict
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7125
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? : Evidence from Indian Districts (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265774
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p)
    Content: Although a high rate of urbanization and a high incidence of rural poverty are two distinct features of many developing countries, there is little knowledge of the effects of the former on the latter. Using a large sample of Indian districts from the 1983-1999 period, the authors find that urbanization has a substantial and systematic poverty-reducing effect in the surrounding rural areas. The results obtained through an instrumental variable estimation suggest that this effect is causal in nature and is largely attributable to the positive spillovers of urbanization on the rural economy rather than to the movement of the rural poor to urban areas. This rural poverty-reducing effect of urbanization is primarily explained by increased demand for local agricultural products and, to a lesser extent, by urban-rural remittances, the rural land/population ratio, and rural nonfarm employment
    Additional Edition: Calì, Massimiliano Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty?
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6338
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Integrating Border Regions : Connectivity and Competitiveness in South Asia (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048266420
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Content: Deeper regional integration can be beneficial especially for regions along international borders. It can open up new markets on opposite sides of borders and give consumers wider access to cheaper goods. This paper uses data from five contiguous districts of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh in the northeast of the subcontinent to measure the degrees of trade complementarity between districts. The paper illustrates that the regions are underexploiting the potential of intraregional commerce. Price wedges of up to 90 percent in some important consumption products along with measures of complementarity between households' production and consumption suggest the potential for relatively large gains from deeper trade integration. Furthermore, an examination of a specific supply chain of tea highlights factors that help industries scale up, aided by institutions such as an organized auction and decent physical and legal infrastructure. However, districts alike in geography but located across international boundaries face different development prospects, suggesting that gains from reduced "thickness of borders" would not accrue automatically. Much rests on developing intrinsic industry competitiveness at home, including the reform of regulatory and business practices and infrastructural bottlenecks that prevent agglomeration of local economies
    Additional Edition: Calì, Massimiliano Integrating Border Regions
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6987
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Labor Market Impact of Mobility Restrictions : Evidence from the West Bank (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265891
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Content: Using data on Israeli closures inside the West Bank, this paper provides new evidence on the labor market effects of conflict-induced restrictions to mobility. To identify the effects, the analysis exploits the fact that the placement of physical barriers by Israel was exogenous to local labor market conditions and uses a measure of conflict intensity to control for the likely spurious correlation between local unrest, labor market conditions, and the placement of barriers. The study finds that these barriers to mobility have a significant negative effect on employment, wages, and days worked per month. The barriers had a positive impact on the number of hours per working day. These effects are driven mainly by checkpoints while other barriers, such as roadblocks and earth mounds, have a much more limited impact. Only a tiny portion of the effects is due to direct restrictions on workers' mobility, suggesting that these restrictions affect the labor market mainly by depressing firms' production and labor demand. Despite being an underestimation of the actual effects, the overall costs of the barriers on the West Bank labor market are substantial: in 2007, for example, these costs amounted to 6 percent of gross domestic product. Most of these costs are due to lower wages, thus suggesting that the labor market has adjusted to the restrictions more through prices than quantities
    Additional Edition: Calì, Massimiliano The Labor Market Impact of Mobility Restrictions
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6457
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Non-Tariff Measures, Import Competition, and Exports (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080891
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (44 Seiten)
    Content: The empirical evidence on the impact of import competition on economic performance relies mainly on import tariff liberalization as the source of changes to competition. This paper extends this evidence by focusing on non-tariff measures, an increasingly important trade policy tool globally. The analysis examines the competition effect of four specific non-tariff measures on the exporting activity of the universe of Indonesian firms. The focus is on measures that do not clearly address any negative externalities of imports-the supposed objective of non-tariff measures-and hence appear to be protectionist in nature. The results suggest that by restricting import competition, these measures reduce the survival of firms in export markets as well as the intensive and extensive margins of their exports. Non-tariff measures have a more negative effect than import tariffs in most cases and these results are robust to various checks. The analysis provides suggestive evidence that markups are an important channel through which these effects are mediated
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9801
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9801
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Product Market Monopolies and Labor Market Monopsonies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079200
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (57 Seiten)
    Content: This paper unveils a novel externality of product market regulation in the labor market. It shows theoretically and empirically that higher barriers to entry in product markets translate into higher labor market power, measured by the wage markdown-the ratio between the marginal product of labor and the wage. The literature suggests that this wedge can distort factor allocation, resulting in lower aggregate output and employment, but also in higher inequality through a reduction in the labor share of national output. Using variation in investment restrictions across 346 manufacturing product markets in Indonesia, the analysis finds that wage markdowns increase by 25 percent in product markets that become subject to investment restrictions. The result is rationalized using a simple oligopsony model in which higher entry costs reduce the equilibrium number of firms, thereby limiting employment options for workers and, hence, their labor market power. Instrumental variable estimates support the model's prediction that lower entry is the main driver of the positive relationship between investment restrictions and wage markdowns
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cali, Massimiliano Product Market Monopolies and Labor Market Monopsonies Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10388
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10388
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EdTech in Indonesia : Ready for Take-off? (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048273195
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This EdTech landscape survey provides an overview of the Indonesian startup ecosystem in EdTech, drawing upon three main sources of information: publicly available data, information collected via an online-questionnaire sent to 60 EdTech players representing the vast majority of the main players and 18 structured, in-depth face-to-face interviews from December 2018 through February 2019, as well as a group consultation with preliminary findings and recommendations. The findings reveal that the Indonesian EdTech sector is starting to catch up with the global frontier, and with growth of similar platforms, such as Harukaedu (a platform offering online university degrees), Ruangguru (an interactive e-learning platform for K-12 students in Indonesia) and Cakap by Squline (a tutoring platform for language learning), but overall the sector is still in its infancy. This early stage of development applies to evidence as well; there is almost no rigorous information available about the quality or effectiveness of the products and services offered in the Indonesian EdTech market, something that is true of many EdTech markets globally. Indonesian EdTech products generally aim at helping students with learning and upskilling, helping educators with student management, communication and teaching, and helping educational institutions with administration. For example, companies such as Ruangguru, Zenius and Quipper provide self-directed e-learning content, interactive learning platforms, and study tools that help students to expedite the learning process, along with interactive online services that help students with theirassignments and test preparation. Companies such as Arsa Kids, Digikids and Educa Studio develop gamebased and blended learning experiences, including interactive storybooks and educational mobile apps, to help improve early childhood educators' effectiveness
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/33762
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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