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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Behavioral Insights for Development : Cases from Central America (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958296079402883
    Format: 1 online resource (130 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Countries and Regions;Directions in Development - Human Development
    Content: Behavioral Insights for Development: Cases from Central America brings together a set of experiences that applied behavioral insights to different areas of public policy-Win some cases through randomized control trials, and in others using surveys or behavioral games. These experiences collectively show the promise of public policies that are informed by a better understanding of what drives individual behavior. In Costa Rica, for example, informing households of how much water they consume relative to their neighbors reduced water consumption (chapter 1). In Guatemala, altering the way government communicates with taxpayers increased revenue collection (chapter 2). In Nicaragua, an analysis of a cash transfer program found that children in households receiving benefits exhibited significantly higher cognitive development a result influenced by parental behavior changes during the program (chapter 3). In El Salvador, we explore how different biases explain the apparent puzzle of a gas subsidy reform that benefited most of the population yet proved to be widely unpopular (chapter 4). Chapter 5 also uses behavioral insights to analyze subsidy reforms in El Salvador, this time using a different methodology: a set of economic behavioral games designed to evaluate the willingness of individuals to accept subsidy reforms that would affect them directly. Finally, chapter 6 reflects on the progress made in applying behavioral insights in a development context. These cases illustrate, in practice, some of the findings of the World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behavior. In particular, they demonstrate the possibility of using nontraditional tools, complementary to regulation, in contexts where time and resources are limited. The World Bank has since established a Mind, Behavior, and Development (eMBeD) Unit within the Poverty and Equity Global Practice to mainstream and scale up behavioral science in public policies and programs. We hope these experiences will help to inform other practitioners about the potential of applying behavioral insights in a development context and will encourage them to consider such approaches as a complement to traditional policy measures.
    Note: Overview / Oscar Calvo-González, Laura Zoratto -- A behavioral approach to water conservation: evidence from Costa Rica / Saugato Datta, Juan José Miranda, Laura Zoratto, Oscar Calvo-González, Matthew Darling, Karina Lorenzana -- Promoting tax compliance in Guatemala using behavioral economics: evidence from two randomized trials / Stewart Kettle, Marco Antonio Hernández Oré, Simon Ruda, Michael Sanders -- Enhancing child development through changes to parental behaviors: using conditional cash transfers in Nicaragua / Karen Macours, Norbert Schady, Renos Vakis -- When winners feel like losers: evidence from an energy subsidy reform / Oscar Calvo-González, Barbara Cunha, Riccardo Trezzi -- Redistribution in times of fiscal pressure: using games to inform a subsidy reform in El Salvador / Germán Caruso, Megan Zella Rounseville, Manuel Sánchez Masferrer, Kinnon Scott -- Lessons learned from implementing behaviorally informed pilots / Laura Zoratto, Oscar Calvo-González, Oliver Balch.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 1-4648-1120-2
    Additional Edition: ISBN 1-4648-1123-7
    Language: English
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1120-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    When Winners Feel Like Losers : Evidence from an Energy Subsidy Reform (2015)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246519402883
    Format: 1 online resource (41 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: In 2011 the Government of El Salvador implemented a reform to the gas subsidy that increased the welfare of households in all but the top two deciles of the income distribution. However, the reform turned out to be rather unpopular, especially among winners. This paper relies on ad hoc household surveys conducted before the implementation and in the following two and a half years to test which factors help explain the puzzle. The analysis uses probit and logit models to show that misinformation (a negativity bias by which people with limited information inferred negative consequences), mistrust of the government's ability to implement the policy, and political priors explain most of the (un)satisfaction before implementation. Perceptions improved gradually-and significantly so-over time when the subsidy reception induced households to update their initial priors, although political biases remained significant throughout the entire period. The results suggest several implications with respect to policy reforms in cases where agents have limited information.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7265
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How is the Slowdown Affecting Households in Latin America and the Caribbean? / (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143902002883
    Format: 1 online resource (24 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper shows evidence that suggests the economic slowdown in Latin America and the Caribbean has already translated into slowing social gains, including decelerating poverty reduction, stagnating growth of the middle class, and lower income growth. The countries of South America outperformed Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean in poverty reduction during the decade up to 2012. But since then, a new story has emerged. In recent years, poverty reduction has been disappointing across the entire region, which seems to be converging toward low growth with slow poverty reduction and stagnant inequality. However, this apparent convergence in poverty reduction is driven by diverging labor market patterns. In a reversal of the trends seen during the commodity boom, real wages have been falling in South America and rising in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. As lower economic growth is likely, the new normal will pose challenges for policy makers, in protecting the gains achieved and for societies as they face a mismatch between expectations and actual social mobility.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7948
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are commodity prices more volatile now? : a long-run perspective (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246195702883
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Soaring commodity prices in 2007 and 2008 raised concerns that volatility was also rising, which would have implications for welfare and therefore for the design of public policy interventions. The literature focuses on trends in commodity prices rather than their volatility characteristics. This paper contributes by examining commodity price volatility with a newly compiled monthly panel dataset on 45 individual commodity prices from the end of the 18th century until today. The main conclusions are: the timing and number of breaks in volatility vary considerably across individual commodities, cautioning against generalizations based on the use of commodity price indices; the three most significant breaks common to most commodities are the two world wars and the collapse of the Bretton-Woods system; and structural breaks marking increased price volatility are followed by breaks marking declines in volatility so that there is no upward or downward trend in volatility over time.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5460
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Higher Wages, Lower Pay : Public vs. Private Sector Compensation in Peru (2011)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246458702883
    Format: 1 online resource (28 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Do public sector employees earn less than their counterparts in the private sector? This paper addresses this question in the case of Peru, a country where civil service reform is being debated yet the only available empirical studies on wage differentials date back to the late 1980s. Using data from the 2009 national household survey, the authors perform a multiple step analysis. First, they estimate a single equation with a public sector dummy, which is found to be statistically significant and positive when only monetary wages are taken into account. However, when in-kind payments and bonuses are included to measure compensation, the analysis finds a private sector premium. Second, they estimate for public and formal private employees two distinct wage functions, including the inverse Mills ratio. This takes into account the selection bias resulting from workers self-selecting into the public or private sector. Third, these results are used to decompose wage differentials using the standard Oaxaca-Blinder approach. The results show that the compensation differentials are not significant except for the sub-sample of employees that achieved a postgraduate degree.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5858
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What do 50 Years of Census Records and Household Survey Data Tell us about Human Opportunities and Welfare in Latin America? / (2020)
    Washington, DC :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960787399302883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages).
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper ; 9205
    Content: To comprehend how development really happens, it is necessary to understand the evolution of its drivers and their relationship with individuals' income. This paper analyzes the expansion of access to education and basic services in Latin America and its association with the evolution of incomes in the region. The paper focuses on the importance of access to opportunities as one of the drivers of development and highlights the role of policy making. The findings suggest that access to education and basic public services early in life are positively correlated with incomes in adulthood. The analysis also suggests that countries follow a dissimilar path to increase access to education and basic services. The paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of historic census records to add granularity to the assessment of the development of countries, matched with detailed individual-level information from household surveys of several countries in the region. The paper widens an ongoing area of research on the long-run relationship between access to opportunities during childhood and incomes in adulthood.
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Changing Way Governments Talk about Poverty and Inequality : Evidence from Two Centuries of Latin American Presidential Speeches (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958373676702883
    Format: 1 online resource (45 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study uses text mining techniques on almost 900 presidential "state-of-the-union"-type speeches from 10 Latin American countries from 1819 to 2016. The paper documents a sharp increase in recent decades in references to poverty and inequality. The study's long-term view shows that the way in which poverty and inequality are discussed has been changing. Using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm, the paper shows that in recent years poverty has been increasingly discussed as a broader multidimensional challenge that requires a variety of social programs. Inequality has been increasingly framed as an issue of equal opportunities, whereas previously there was a greater focus on social justice. The paper assesses whether the prevalence of poverty and inequality in presidential speeches correlates with measures such as social public spending, as well as the poverty and inequality levels of the country. It finds that during the 2000s, the countries that discussed poverty and inequality at greater length were also the ones that increased social spending and reduced poverty and inequality the most.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8311
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Winners Never Quit, Quitters Never Grow : Using Text Mining to Measure Policy Volatility and Its Link with Long-Term Growth in Latin America (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958373676802883
    Format: 1 online resource (37 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Although there is wide recognition of the negative consequences of policy volatility for countries' long-term economic growth, there is limited empirical work on this subject. One of the reasons is the difficulty of measuring policy volatility over long periods of time, especially in developing countries. This paper contributes to this literature by constructing a proxy for policy volatility that exploits the information content of the priorities conveyed in presidential speeches. The study creates a policy volatility measure using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm on a novel data set of 953 presidential speeches in 10 Latin American countries and Spain. The paper shows that the proxy for policy volatility is negatively correlated with long-term growth over 1940-2010. The results are robust to a large set of changes in the construction of the proxy for policy volatility.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8310
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    More Than You Can Handle : Decentralization and Spending Ability of Peruvian Municipalities (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265201
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Content: In the past three decades, emerging countries have gone through extensive decentralization reforms. Yet, there are no studies assessing quantitatively the relative importance of various factors known to affect the success of decentralization. This paper builds on a comprehensive dataset the authors constructed for Peru, which merges municipal fiscal accounts with information about municipalities' characteristics such as population, poverty, education, and local politics. The paper then analyzes the leading factors affecting the ability of municipalities to execute the allocated budget using complementary methodologies, from least squares to quantile regression analyses. According to the existing literature and the Peruvian context, the analysis divides these factors into four categories: the budget size and allocation process; local capacity; local needs; and political economy constraints. Although all four factors affect decentralization, the largest determinant of spending ability is the adequacy of the budget with respect to local capacity. The results confirm the need for decentralization to be implemented gradually over time in parallel with strong capacity building efforts
    Additional Edition: Loayza, Norman V More Than You Can Handle
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5763
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Winners never quit, quitters never grow : using text mining to measure policy volatility and its link with long-term growth in Latin America (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice Group
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1016175302
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8310
    Content: Although there is wide recognition of the negative consequences of policy volatility for countries' long-term economic growth, there is limited empirical work on this subject. One of the reasons is the difficulty of measuring policy volatility over long periods of time, especially in developing countries. This paper contributes to this literature by constructing a proxy for policy volatility that exploits the information content of the priorities conveyed in presidential speeches. The study creates a policy volatility measure using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm on a novel data set of 953 presidential speeches in 10 Latin American countries and Spain. The paper shows that the proxy for policy volatility is negatively correlated with long-term growth over 1940-2010. The results are robust to a large set of changes in the construction of the proxy for policy volatility
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Calvo-Gonzalez, Oscar Winners Never Quit, Quitters Never Grow: Using Text Mining to Measure Policy Volatility and Its Link with Long-Term Growth in Latin America Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2018
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8310
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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