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  • 1
    UID:
    b3kat_BV013972559
    Format: XXVI, 405 S.
    ISBN: 1898128626
    Language: English
    Subjects: Economics
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklungsländer ; Freihandel ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Armut
    Author information: Winters, Leonard Alan 1950-
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  • 2
    UID:
    almahu_9949088304502882
    Format: 1 online resource (217 pages) : , illustrations, tables
    ISBN: 9781464811845 (e-book)
    Additional Edition: Print version: Cirera, Xavier. Innovation paradox : developing country capabilities and the unrealized promise of technological catch-up. Washington, District of Columbia : World Bank Group, c2017 ISBN 9781464811609
    Language: English
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269812
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: While existing evidence in advanced economies suggests a possible role for technological innovation in job creation, its role in developing countries remains largely undocumented. This paper sheds light on the direct impact of technological as well as organizational innovation on firm level employment growth based on the theoretical model of Harrison, Jaumandreu, Mairesse, and Peters (2014) using a sample of over 15,000 firms in Africa, South Asia, Middle East and North-Africa and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The results suggest that new sales associated with product innovations tend to be produced with just as much or higher levels of labor intensity. The effect is largest in lower income countries and the African region, where firms are further away from the technological frontier. More importantly, process innovations that involve automation of production do not have a short-term negative impact on firm employment. However, there is some evidence of a negative effect of automation on employment that manifests in increases in efficiency that reduce the elasticity of new sales to employment. Overall, these results are qualitatively similar to previous findings in advanced economies and highlight a positive direct role of innovation on the quantity of employment but at a decreasing rate as firms' transition to the technological frontier
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cirera, Xavier The Effects of Innovation on Employment in Developing Countries: Evidence from Enterprise Surveys Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2016
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269214
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper uses comprehensive and comparable firm-level manufacturing census data from four Sub-Saharan African countries to examine the extent, costs, and nature of within-industry resource misallocation across heterogeneous firms. The paper finds evidence of severe misallocation in which resources are diverted away from high-productivity firms toward low-productivity ones in all four countries, although the magnitude differs across countries. The paper shows that a hypothetical reallocation of resources that equalizes marginal returns across firms would increase manufacturing productivity by 31.4 percent in Cote d'Ivoire and as much as 162.7 percent in Kenya. The paper emphasizes the importance of the quality of the underlying data, by comparing the results against those from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys. The comparison finds that the survey-based results underestimate the extent of misallocation vis-a-vis the census. Finally, the paper finds that the size of existing distortions is correlated with various measures of business environment, such as lack of access to finance, corruption, and regulations
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cirera, Xavier Taxing the Good? Distortions, Misallocation, and Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2017
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048272989
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This practitioner's guide, a companion volume to The Innovation Paradox picks up where the previous report left off. It aims to help policy makers in developing countries better formulate innovation policies. It does so by providing a rigorous typology of innovation policy instruments, including evidence of impact-and more importantly, the critical conditions in terms of institutional capabilities to successfully implement these policy instruments in developing countries. The guide aims to help fill a knowledge gap by presenting not only leading-edge empirical evidence about and practical experience with innovation policy, but also systematically discussing the market and system failures that hold back innovation in developing countries
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 6
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269619
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Little is known about innovation in developing countries, partly because of the lack of comparable and reliable data. Collecting data on firm-level innovation is challenging because of the subjective definition of what determines an innovation, a problem that is exacerbated in developing countries where innovation is likely to be more incremental and less radical. This paper contributes to the literature by presenting the results of an experiment aiming to identify the survey instrument that better captures firm-level innovation in developing countries. The paper shows that a small set of questions included in a multi-topic, firm-level survey does not provide an accurate picture of firm-level innovation and tends to overestimate innovation rates. Issues related to framing explain some of the unreliability of innovation responses, while cognitive problems do not appear to play a significant role
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cirera, Xavier Measuring Firm-Level Innovation Using Short Questionnaires : Evidence from an Experiment Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2016
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 7
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048270112
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper examines empirically the links between adoption of information and communications technology (ICT), defined as usage by firms, innovation, and productivity using firm-level data for a sample of six Sub-Saharan African countries: the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Although adoption of information and communications technology in these countries is still lagging behind OECD countries, there is significant heterogeneity on adoption rates across the countries. Kenya has the largest adoption rate of computer, software, and Internet usage. The Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania experience lower adoption rates. The degree of internationalization of the firm, use of technology, and extent of competition are important factors explaining firm-level use of ICT. The results of the estimates suggest that ICT use is an important and robust enabler of product, process, and organization innovation across all six countries. However, the final impact on productivity depends on the degree of novelty of the innovation introduced by the firm
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cirera, Xavier ICT Use, Innovation, and Productivity: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2016
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 8
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048274347
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (43 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper describes and benchmarks innovation activities for a sample of countries in the South Asia region, as well as the impact of these activities on firm-level productivity. The evidence gathered suggests that countries in the South Asia region can be divided into two groups, in terms of the magnitude and composition of the innovation activities: leaders (Bangladesh and India) and laggards (Nepal and Pakistan). Leaders present higher rates of innovation activities than laggards and focus more on process innovation than product innovation. Differences across firms within all countries tend to present similar patterns when considering leaders and laggards, with the acquisition of knowledge capital (for example, research and development investments in equipment, and training) highly concentrated in a few firms, and mature, exporter, and foreign-owned firms as the most innovative of the region. The evidence also suggests a positive impact of innovation on productivity, primarily via incremental innovation, especially in India
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cirera, Xavier Innovation Patterns and Their Effects on Firm-Level Productivity in South Asia Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2019
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048480533
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    ISBN: 9781464818592
    Content: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- The Imperative of Technology in Developing Countries -- The Technological Divide -- Road Map to the Volume -- Contributions to the Literature -- Main Messages from the Volume -- Notes -- References -- Part 1 Measuring the Technological Divide -- 1. A New Approach to Measure Technology Adoption by Firms -- Introduction -- Measuring Adoption and Use of Technology by Firms -- Opening the Black Box: The Firm-level Adoption of Technology (FAT) Survey -- The Data Used in This Volume -- Using the FAT Data to Understand Some of the Limitations of Standard Measures of Technology -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- 2. Facts about Technology Adoption and Use in Developing Countries -- Introduction -- Cross-Country Technology Facts -- Cross-Firm Technology Facts -- Other Technology Facts -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- 3. Adoption of Sector-Specific Technologies -- Introduction -- Technology Differences across and within Sectors -- Technology Upgrading and the Limits to Leapfrogging -- Specialization, Technology, and Outsourcing -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- Part 2 The Implications of the Technological Divide for Long-Term Economic Growth -- 4. Technology Sophistication, Productivity, and Employment -- Introduction -- Technology and Firm-Level Productivity -- Technology Adoption and Employment -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- 5. Digital Technologies and Resilience to Shocks -- Introduction -- Digital Technologies -- Technology and Resilience -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- Part 3 What Countries Can Do to Bridge the Technological Divide -- 6. What Constrains Firms from Adopting Better Technologies? -- Introduction -- Firm-Level Determinants of Adoption.
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-1-4648-1826-4
    Language: English
    Author information: Comin, Diego 1973-
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  • 10
    UID:
    almahu_9949517431702882
    Format: 1 online resource (241 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781464818592
    Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- The Imperative of Technology in Developing Countries -- The Technological Divide -- Road Map to the Volume -- Contributions to the Literature -- Main Messages from the Volume -- Notes -- References -- Part 1 Measuring the Technological Divide -- 1. A New Approach to Measure Technology Adoption by Firms -- Introduction -- Measuring Adoption and Use of Technology by Firms -- Opening the Black Box: The Firm-level Adoption of Technology (FAT) Survey -- The Data Used in This Volume -- Using the FAT Data to Understand Some of the Limitations of Standard Measures of Technology -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- 2. Facts about Technology Adoption and Use in Developing Countries -- Introduction -- Cross-Country Technology Facts -- Cross-Firm Technology Facts -- Other Technology Facts -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- 3. Adoption of Sector-Specific Technologies -- Introduction -- Technology Differences across and within Sectors -- Technology Upgrading and the Limits to Leapfrogging -- Specialization, Technology, and Outsourcing -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- Part 2 The Implications of the Technological Divide for Long-Term Economic Growth -- 4. Technology Sophistication, Productivity, and Employment -- Introduction -- Technology and Firm-Level Productivity -- Technology Adoption and Employment -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- 5. Digital Technologies and Resilience to Shocks -- Introduction -- Digital Technologies -- Technology and Resilience -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- Part 3 What Countries Can Do to Bridge the Technological Divide -- 6. What Constrains Firms from Adopting Better Technologies? -- Introduction -- Firm-Level Determinants of Adoption. , Perceived Drivers of and Obstacles to Technology Adoption -- Factual Evidence on Drivers of and Obstacles to Technology Adoption -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7. Policies and Instruments to Accelerate Technology Adoption -- Introduction -- A Checklist to Design Technology Upgrading Programs -- Using the FAT Survey to Inform the Design and Implementation of Policies Supporting Technology Upgrading -- Instruments to Support Technology Upgrading at the Firm Level -- Summing Up -- Notes -- References -- Appendix A. The Firm-level Adoption of Technology (FAT) Survey, Implementation, and Data Set -- Boxes -- Box I.1 Defining Technology and Business Functions -- Box 1.1 The Technology Index at the Firm Level: An Example from the Food-Processing Sector in Senegal -- Box 2.1 The Large Gap in Technology Sophistication between Formal and Informal Firms -- Box 3.1 The Strong Sector Composition of the Use of Industry 4.0 Technologies -- Box 3.2 The Closeness of Pharmaceutical Firms to the Technology Frontier -- Box 6.1 Specific Barriers to the Use of Digital Platforms -- Box 7.1 Digital Platforms Are Prone to Market Concentration and Dominance -- Box 7.2 The Firm-Level Technology Diagnostic Tool -- Box 7.3 Agriculture Extension: The Case of Embrapa -- Box 7.4 Credit Guarantees for Technology through the Korea Technology Finance Corporation (KOTEC) -- Box 7.5 The Difference between Vouchers and Grants -- Box 7.6 Fraunhofer Institutes -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 While Countries Are Converging in Their Adoption of Technology, They Are Diverging in the Intensity of Use -- Figure 1.2 Conceptual Framework for the Firm-level Adoption of Technology (FAT) Survey -- Figure 1.3 General Business Functions and Their Associated Technologies -- Figure 1.4 Share of Firms Using Technologies Applied to Various General Business Functions, All Countries. , Figure 1.5 Sector-Specific Business Functions and Technologies -- Figure 1.6 An Example of the Technology Index -- Figure B1.1.1 Comparing Technology Sophistication of a Large and a Small Firm in the Food-Processing Sector -- Figure 1.7 Firms Vary Widely in the Status of Their Adoption of General-Purpose Technologies -- Figure 1.8 Among Firms with Access to Computers and the Internet, a Large Share Relies Mostly on Less Sophisticated Methods to Conduct Business Functions -- Figure 2.1 Estimated Technology Sophistication, by Country: Manufacturing -- Figure 2.2 Estimated Technology Sophistication, by Country: Agriculture and Services -- Figure 2.3 There Is a Strong Correlation between the Technology Sophistication of a Region and Regional Productivity -- Figure 2.4 Cross-Country Differences in Technology Are Also Explained by the Number of Firms Using Sophisticated Technology -- Figure B2.1.1 Technology Sophistication Is Significantly Greater among Formal Firms in Senegal -- Figure 2.5 The Level of Technology Sophistication for General Business Functions Varies Greatly -- Figure 2.6 Technology Sophistication Varies across Firm Size -- Figure 2.7 The Likelihood of Adopting Frontier Technologies for General Business Functions Varies across Firm Size -- Figure 2.8 The Likelihood of Adopting Frontier Technologies for Sector-Specific Business Functions Varies across Firm Size -- Figure 2.9 Rank Orderings of the Distribution of Technology Sophistication Are Consistent across Select Countries -- Figure 2.10 Most Productive Countries and Regions Have Firms That Use More Sophisticated Technologies on Average -- Figure 2.11 Within-Firm Variance of Technology Sophistication Is Positively Associated with Regional Productivity -- Figure 2.12 Technology Disruption in Telecommunications -- Figure 2.13 Diffusion Curves, by Firm Size (Early versus Late Adopters). , Figure 2.14 Firms with Lower Levels of Technological Capabilities Tend to Overestimate Their Technological Sophistication -- Figure 3.1 Firms in Agriculture Tend to Use More Sophisticated Technologies in Sector-Specific Business Functions -- Figure 3.2 The Technology Gaps Are Larger in General Business Functions in Agriculture Compared to Sector-Specific Business Functions -- Figure 3.3 Technology Sophistication for Fabrication in Manufacturing Is Low in Developing Countries -- Figure B3.1.1 The Likelihood of Adopting Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Varies Widely across Sectors -- Figure B3.1.2 More Capital-Intensive Agricultural Firms Are More Likely to Adopt Advanced Technologies -- Figure 3.4 Differences in Technology across Countries Roughly Follow Income Differences in the Food-Processing Sector -- Figure 3.5 Cross-Country Comparisons in Wearing Apparel Are Not So Large among Exporter Countries -- Figure B3.2.1 Pharmaceutical Firms Are Relatively Close to the Technology Frontier, but There Is Significant Room for Improvement in Developing Countries -- Figure 3.6 Digitalization of Sector-Specific Business Functions Is at an Early Stage in Retail Services -- Figure 3.7 The Diffusion Curves of Newer Sector-Specific Technologies Do Not Suggest Leapfrogging -- Figure 3.8 Tractor Ownership, Renting, and Digital Renting Do Not Suggest Leapfrogging through Digital Platforms -- Figure 3.9 Across Sectors, There Is Large Heterogeneity in Outsourcing Sector-Specific Business Functions -- Figure 3.10 Within Sectors, There Is Heterogeneity in the Degree of Outsourcing within Sector-Specific Business Functions -- Figure 3.11 The Significant Correlation between Outsourcing Tasks and Technology Sophistication (All Business Functions) Is Restricted to Some Business Functions. , Figure 3.12 There Are No Significant Differences between Traders and Nontraders in Outsourcing Business Functions -- Figure 4.1 Several Drivers Affect the Margins of Productivity Growth -- Figure 4.2 Technology Sophistication Is Correlated with Labor Productivity -- Figure 4.3 The Level of Technology Sophistication Varies Considerably across Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Services Sectors -- Figure 4.4 Differences in Technology Sophistication between the Republic of Korea and Senegal Are Larger in the Agricultural Sector than in Nonagricultural Sectors and Are Driven Mainly by the Low Sophistication of Informal Firms -- Figure 4.5 Firms Generally Keep the Same Number of Jobs When They Adopt New Technologies -- Figure 4.6 Firms That Have Adopted Better Technology Have Increased Employment -- Figure 4.7 More Sophisticated Technologies in Some Business Functions Are More Associated with Employment Growth -- Figure 4.8 Firms with a Higher Level of Technology Are Creating More Jobs but Not Changing Their Share of Low-Skilled Workers -- Figure 4.9 Firms Using More Sophisticated Technologies Pay Higher Wages -- Figure 4.10 Technology Sophistication Contributes to Wage Inequality within Firms -- Figure 5.1 Use of Internet and Adoption of Applications of Digital Technologies Vary by Sophistication and Firm Size -- Figure 5.2 Digital Technology Intensity Varies across Sectors and Business Functions -- Figure 5.3 Some Technologies Diffuse More Rapidly than Others -- Figure 5.4 Market Concentration Poses a Challenge for the Supply of Digital Business Solutions -- Figure 5.5 The Large Drop in Sales at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic Persisted for Many Firms, and the Loss Was Greater for Microenterprises and Small Firms -- Figure 5.6 Demand for Digital Solutions Increased Greatly in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. , Figure 5.7 A Large Share of Businesses Digitalized during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
    Additional Edition: Print version: Cirera, Xavier Bridging the Technological Divide Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2022
    Language: English
    Keywords: Electronic books.
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