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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidelines to Small Area Estimation for Poverty Mapping (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080089
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Content: The eradication of poverty, which was the first of the millennium development goals (MDG) established by the United Nations and followed by the sustainable development goals (SDG), requires knowing where the poor are located. Traditionally, household surveys are considered the best source of information on the living standards of a country's population. Data from these surveys typically provide a sufficiently accurate direct estimate of household expenditures or income and thus estimates of poverty at the national level and larger international regions. However, when one starts to disaggregate data by local areas or population subgroups, the quality of these direct estimates diminishes. Consequently, national statistical offices (NSOs) cannot provide reliable wellbeing statistical figures at a local level. For example, the module of socioeconomic conditions of the Mexican national survey of household income and expenditure (ENIGH) is designed to produce estimates of poverty and inequality at the national level and for the 32 federate entities (31 states and Mexico City) with disaggregation by rural and urban zones, every two years, but there is a mandate to produce estimates by municipality every five years, and the ENIGH alone cannot provide estimates for all municipalities with adequate precision. This makes monitoring progress toward the sustainable development goals more difficult
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/37728
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kosovo Jobs Diagnostic (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048268094
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Content: Kosovo's economy experienced strong growth over the past decade. Has growth translated into robust job creation? Do those in the bottom forty percent of the population have access to employment opportunities that can translate into sustainable shared prosperity? This report seeks to provide an integrated analysis of the demand-side and supply-side constraints to job creation and employment; and highlighting salient issues like informality and skill mismatches. Bringing together evidence from a number of data sources, including surveys of household budgets and labor force, as well as firm-level panel data and a specialized survey capturing the employers' assessments of demand and supply of skills in Kosovo, the report tries to provide evidence to argue that reforms aimed at adopting the right set of rules, and developing the right set of skills, to promote job creation, will be vital to reduce inactivity and youth disenfranchisement, and to productively employ the demographic dividend
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/27173
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Reliable and Consistent are Subjective Measures of Welfare in Europe and Central Asia? : Evidence from the Second Life in Transition Survey (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265795
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Content: This paper analyzes the reliability and consistency of subjective well-being measures. Using the Life in Transition Survey, which was administered in 34 countries of Europe and Central Asia in 2006 and 2010, the paper evaluates subjective well-being measures (satisfaction with life and subjective relative income position) against objective measures of welfare based on consumption and assets. It uses the different formulations of life satisfaction in the survey to test robustness to alternative framing and scaling. It also explores within-household differences in subjective well-being assessments. The analysis finds that subjective relative income is weakly correlated with household relative welfare position as measured by consumption or assets. Life satisfaction, by contrast, is highly correlated with objective and subjective measures of household welfare. It generally reflects cross-country differences in average consumption, assets, or per capita gross domestic product, although Central Asian countries report much higher life satisfaction levels than their incomes would suggest. Two alternative measures of life satisfaction are highly correlated and the correspondence between verbal and numeric scales is strong within a country or groupings of similar countries. Within households, subjective assessments of relative income are roughly consistent but measurement error is correlated with individual characteristics (gender and age of respondents), which could cause systematic biases in the analysis
    Additional Edition: Cojocaru, Alexandru How Reliable and Consistent are Subjective Measures of Welfare in Europe and Central Asia?
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6359
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Should Income Inequality be Reduced and Who Should Benefit? : Redistributive Preferences in Europe and Central Asia (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048266530
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Content: This paper examines support for reducing inequality and for income redistribution to specific groups in Europe and Central Asia. The paper uses the Life in Transition Survey to analyze cross-country differences in redistributive preferences and the determinants of individual-level differences in such preferences. The analysis tests for various possible motivations, such as self-interest, beliefs about the fairness of the income-generating process, past social mobility experience, or expectations of future social mobility. Fewer people wanted to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor in 2010 than in 2006 in transition countries. Support for redistribution toward specific groups is highest for the disabled and the elderly, but there is high heterogeneity across countries in support for various redistributive policies, as well as in the alignment between average beliefs and actual policies. The empirical analysis confirms the importance of beliefs about fairness in influencing redistributive preferences, together with self-interest and past and expected social mobility in European Union member states (Western European and new member states), but only to a limited extent in the non-European Union member state group of transition countries. Regarding redistribution to specific groups, self-interest appears to be an important motivation for support for the elderly and families with children, whereas values and beliefs are important drivers of support for the working poor and the unemployed. Although framing matters, the results are broadly robust to alternative measures of support for reducing inequality
    Additional Edition: Cojocaru, Alexandru Should Income Inequality be Reduced and Who Should Benefit?
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7097
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Moldova Poverty and Shared Prosperity Update 2018 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271643
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This note provides an update of recent poverty and shared prosperity dynamics, and some of the underlying drivers, as well as introducing the new international poverty thresholds that are currently in use. The purpose of the update is to take advantage of the release of Household Budget Survey (HBS) data for the 2016 survey round. The previous poverty and shared prosperity update, release in 2017, updated poverty and shared prosperity trends up to 2015. The first section discusses the overall progress poverty reduction and shared prosperity up to 2016 - the latest available household budget survey data. Notably, the poverty dynamics are presented, for the first time, using PPP values based on the 2011 ICP exercise, and using the newly adopted Income Class poverty thresholds of USD 3.3/day and USD 5.5/day. For the purposes of this note, we focus on the USD 5.5/day threshold, but the section also presents a comparative analysis of poverty dynamics based on old and new thresholds. Because this is the first time when internationally-comparable poverty and shared prosperity statistics for Moldova are presented based on the ICP 2011 PPP conversion factors, and relying on newly defined income-group based thresholds, the introduction has a brief discussion of the reasons behind the change in the World Bank's poverty methodology used for global poverty monitoring, and the implications of this change for poverty trends over time and for the absolute levels of poverty reported in Moldova. Section 2 discussed the major drivers of shared prosperity during the 2011-2016 period. Section 3 examines the profile of poor and vulnerable populations, their asset endowments, and changes in this profile in recent years
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/30468
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Updating the Poverty Estimates in Serbia in the Absence of Micro Data : A Microsimulation Approach (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048266322
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Content: The continued poverty impact of the financial crisis in Serbia is difficult to establish beyond 2010 because of the lack of survey data. This paper tackles this difficulty. It uses a micro-simulation approach that accounts for a key pathway of the financial crisis in Serbia, the labor market. The results suggest a further increase in poverty in 2011 on account of a continued deterioration of the labor market indicators and despite a recovering gross domestic product. In order to evaluate the forecast, the model is applied to generate forecasts for previous years (2009 and 2010), which are compared with realized poverty estimates. The micro-simulation model performs well in predicting poverty dynamics during 2009-10 and less so during 2008-09. The accuracy of the predictions improves when the response of the social protection system is accounted for
    Additional Edition: Cojocaru, Alexandru Updating the Poverty Estimates in Serbia in the Absence of Micro Data
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6889
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Poverty and Shared Prosperity in Belarus over the Past DecadeTrends, Drivers, and Challenges (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048268898
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Content: ongoing reforms in the utilities sector will diminish the support to households in the form of subsidized utilities prices, which, absent compensatory measures, can have a notable welfare impact
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/28581
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    COVID-19 School Closures, Learning Losses and Intergenerational Mobility (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079207
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (37 Seiten)
    Content: The paper presents a first global investigation of the longer-term inequality implications of COVID-19 by examining the effect of school closures on the ability of children from different countries and backgrounds to engage in continued learning throughout the pandemic, and their implications for intergenerational mobility in education. The analysis builds on the data from the Global Database of Intergenerational Mobility, country-specific results of the learning loss simulation model using weekly school closure information from February 2020 to February 2022, and high-frequency phone survey data collected by the World Bank during the pandemic to assess the incidence and quality of continued learning during periods of school closures across children from different backgrounds. Based on this information, the paper simulates counterfactual levels of educational attainment and corresponding absolute and relative intergenerational educational mobility measures with and without COVID-19 impacts, to arrive at estimates of COVID-19 impacts. The simulations suggest that the extensive school closures and associated learning losses are likely to have a significant impact on both absolute and relative intergenerational educational mobility in the absence of remedial measures. In upper-middle-income countries, the share of children with more years of education than their parents (absolute mobility) could decline by 8 percentage points, with the largest impacts observed in the Latin America region. Furthermore, unequal access to continued learning during school closures across children from households of different socioeconomic backgrounds (proxied by parental education levels) leads to a significant decline in relative educational mobility
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Azevedo, Joao Pedro COVID-19 School Closures, Learning Losses and Intergenerational Mobility Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10381
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Long COVID : The Evolution of Household Welfare in Developing Countries during the Pandemic (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079316
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (63 Seiten)
    Content: This paper examines the welfare impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, using harmonized data from 343 high-frequency phone surveys conducted in 80 economies during 2020 and 2021, representing more than 2.5 billion people. The analysis focuses on the scarring effects of the initial losses of employment and income by examining their evolution over time across and within countries, as restrictions on mobility and economic activity were introduced and then gradually relaxed. The employment and welfare outcomes of some groups that were impacted to a greater degree initially-including women, informal workers, and those with less education-have been improving at a slower pace. The social protection response in lower-income economies was largely insufficient to protect households from the pandemic shock. Unmitigated welfare losses, as seen for example from the large share of households indicating income losses well into 2021, are highly correlated with food insecurity, which likely led some households to sell physical assets and deplete their savings. Without proper remediation, the uneven welfare impacts associated with COVID-19 may be amplified over the medium to long term, leading to future increases in poverty and inequality
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Brunckhorst, Ben Long COVID: The Evolution of Household Welfare in Developing Countries during the Pandemic Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10300
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Incidence in Moldova : A Commitment to Equity Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048274480
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (48 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper uses methods developed by the Commitment to Equity Institute and data from the Household Budget Survey to assess the effects of government taxation and social spending on poverty and inequality in Moldova. The paper presents the first detailed distributional analysis of the tax and expenditure sides of the fiscal system, examining in particular the contribution of different taxes and transfers to poverty and inequality reduction in Moldova, as well as the cost-effectiveness of different taxes and transfers in achieving these poverty and inequality reduction goals. The analysis finds that the tax-benefit system in Moldova is quite pro-poor and has a significant effect on poverty and inequality, with the poverty reduction effect being stronger for lower poverty thresholds. Pensions provide much of the poverty-reducing effect, which is not surprising, given that in an aging society like Moldova, pensions are the main income source for many households. Direct transfers are also quite effective in reducing poverty and are also efficient, providing a relatively high degree of poverty reduction per dollar allocated to these programs, but their overall effect on poverty is muted by their small budgetary allocations
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cojocaru, Alexandru Fiscal Incidence in Moldova: A Commitment to Equity Analysis Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2019
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9010
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
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