UID:
almafu_9959199185902883
Format:
1 online resource (164 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
1-4648-1377-9
Series Statement:
Africa Development Forum.
Content:
Access to reliable electricity is a prerequisite for the economic transformation of African economies, especially in a digital age. Yet the electricity access rate in Sub-Saharan African countries is often substantially low, households and businesses with access often face unreliable service, and the cost of the service is often among the highest in the world. This situation imposes substantial constraints on economic activities, provision of public services, adoption of new technologies, and quality of life.Much of the focus on how best to provide reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity service to all has been on mitigating supply-side constraints. However, demand-side constraints may be as important, if not more important. On the supply side, inadequate investments in maintenance result in high technical losses; most state-owned utilities operate at a loss; and power trade, which could significantly lower the cost of electricity, is underdeveloped. On the demand side, the uptake and willingness to pay are often low in many communities, and the consumption levels of those who are connected are limited. Increased uptake and use will encourage investment to improve service reliability and close the access gap. This report shows that the fundamental problem is poverty and lack of economic opportunities rather than power. The solution lies in understanding that the overarching reasons for the unrealized potential involve tightly intertwined technical, financial, political, and geographic factors. The ultimate goal is to enable households and business to gain access, to afford to use, and utilities to recover their cost and make profits. The report makes the case that policy makers need to adopt a more comprehensive and long-term approach to electrification in the region-one centered on the productive use of electricity at affordable rates. Such an approach includes increased public and private investment in infrastructure, expanded access to credit for new businesses, improved access to markets, and additional skills development to translate the potential of expanded and reliable electricity access into substantial economic impact. Enhancing the economic capabilities of communities is the best way to achieve faster and more sustainable development progress while addressing the broad challenges of affordability, low consumption, and financial viability of utilities, as well as ensuring equitable provision between urban and rural areas.
Note:
Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Uptake and Demand, Often Neglected, Are Key to Addressing Access Deficits -- While Removing Key Demand Barriers Can Bring Some Gains in Access, Most Are Often Symptoms, Not Root Causes of Low Access -- Without Addressing Structural Challenges, Utilities Will Continue to Face Financial Disincentives to Streamline and Remove Access Barriers -- Sustained Development Gains Can Only Be Achieved by Focusing on Enhancing Economic Impact through Firms and Productive Uses -- Prioritizing Reliability Would Boost Uptake and Enhance Economic Impact -- Provision of Complementary Factors Is Needed to Maximize the Economic Impact of Reliable Electricity -- Key Overarching Policy Implications -- References -- Chapter 1 Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: Taking Stock and Looking Forward -- Poor State of Electrification Compared with the Rest of the World -- Challenges Requiring Sound Strategies -- Conclusion -- Road Map -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Low Uptake: A Challenge or an Opportunity? -- Electricity Uptake in Areas under the Grid: Low-Hanging Fruit? -- Low Willingness to Pay Despite High Desire for Access -- Demand and Supply Are Interlinked, but Demand Matters More Than Perceived -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Enabling Higher Uptake: Constraints and Opportunities -- Macro Influences on Uptake and Consumption -- What Drives Uptake for Areas under the Grid? -- Accounting for Uptake ahead of Grid Expansion -- Off-Grid Solutions Can Help Expand Basic Access, but They Face Low Uptake Too -- Electricity for What? Productive Use, Income Generation, and Jobs at Center Stage -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Prioritizing Reliability for Economic Impact.
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Unreliability Affects Economic Activities through Several Channels -- Reliability and Economic Impact: Recent Evidence from Africa -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A: Estimation of the Impact of Electricity Outages on Firm Productivity and Output -- Note -- References -- Chapter 5 Electricity Plus: Leveraging Complementary Factors for Impact -- Necessary but Often Not Sufficient -- Drivers of Electricity Impact: What Can We Learn from the Literature? -- Identifying Complementary Factors: Evidence from the MTF Data -- Demand for Electricity for Income-Generating Activities: Qualitative Evidence from Rural Senegal -- Beyond Lighting: Solar Off-Grid Solutions Should Primarily Target Economic Livelihoods -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 The Way Forward: Conclusions and Recommendations -- Key Overarching Policy Implications -- Notes -- Reference -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Accelerating Access to Electricity: Lessons from Vietnam -- Box 1.2 What Does Urbanization Mean for Electricity Access? -- Box 2.1 Data Sources -- Box 2.2 Uptake Rate at a Granular Level in Rural Kenya and Tanzania -- Box 2.3 Stated Willingness to Pay in Liberia and Zambia -- Box 2.4 Mobilizing Demand -- Box 3.1 Household Connection Cost: An Illustration from Niger -- Box 4.1 Defining Reliability -- Box 4.2 Reliable Electricity and the Digital Economy -- Box 4.3 Electricity Outages, Entrepreneurship, and Business Entry -- Box 4.4 Study Location, Data, and Methodology for Analysis of the Impact of Outages on Firm Performance -- Box 4.5 Effects of a Power Crisis on Small Firms in Ghana -- Box 4.6 Associations among Access, Quality of Service Provision, and Economic Outcomes -- Box 5.1 Solar Electricity and Off-Season Farming: The Experience of Gabbar, Senegal -- Box 6.1 How Has Ghana Achieved High Uptake? -- Figures.
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Figure O.1 A Framework for Addressing the Electricity Access Deficit in Africa -- Figure 1.1 Access to Electricity -- Figure 1.2 Relation between GDP per Capita and Access to Electricity, 2016 -- Figure 1.3 Number of Years to Increase Access to Electricity to 80 Percent from 20 Percent in Selected Countries, and to 80 Percent from 30 Percent in Ghana -- Figure 1.4 Relation between GDP per Capita and Electricity Consumption -- Figure 1.5 Electric Power Consumption, 2014 -- Figure 1.6 Price of Powering a Refrigerator for a Year as a Percentage of GDP per Capita -- Figure 1.7 Enterprise Electricity Reliability -- Figure 1.8 Reliability of Grid Electricity in Connected Households in Africa -- Figure 1.9 Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Electricity (RISE), Bottom 20 Countries Relative to the Highest Performer in Africa, 2016 -- Figure B1.1.1 Vietnam: Access to Electricity -- Figure 1.10 TFP in Manufacturing and Personal Computer Ownership and Business Sector Multifactor Productivity, United States -- Figure 1.11 Thinking Long Term about the Impacts of Electrification in Africa -- Figure 1.12 Africa's Urban Population -- Figure 1.13 Future Electricity Network -- Figure 1.14 Africa Power Generation Scenarios -- Figure B2.1.1 Correlation between Electricity Access Figures from Afrobarometer and World Development Indicators -- Figure 2.1 Electricity Uptake According to Different Sources -- Figure 2.2 Evolution of Coverage, Population, and Access over Time -- Figure 2.3 Electricity Uptake over Time in Selected Countries -- Figure B2.2.1 Mean Transformer Community Electrification Rates, by Structure Type and Funding or Installation Year -- Figure B2.2.2 Probability of Connection and Distance to the Nearest Electric Pole -- Figure 2.4 Stated Willingness to Pay for Electricity Services in Rwanda.
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Figure 2.5 Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Electricity Services in Rwanda -- Figure B2.3.1 Stated Willingness to Pay for Grid Electricity in Liberia -- Figure B2.3.2 Stated Willingness to Pay for Grid Electricity in Zambia -- Figure 2.6 Decomposition of the Access Gap, by Region -- Figure B2.4.1 Electricity Access and Mobile Phone Ownership, Rural Households in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2016 or Latest Data Available -- Figure B2.4.2 Annual Cost of Charging Mobile Phones and Distribution of Off-Grid Lighting and Mobile Phone Charging Costs -- Figure 3.1 Electricity Consumption and Urbanization -- Figure 3.2 Electricity Consumption, by Sector -- Figure 3.3 Process to Get Connected to the Grid -- Figure 3.4 Average Number of Weeks to Get Connected to Electricity -- Figure 3.5 Household Connection Costs -- Figure 3.6 Willingness to Pay for a Grid Connection in Rwanda -- Figure 3.7 Electricity Uptake and Reliability in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 3.8 Household Connections and Electricity Reliability in the Community -- Figure 3.9 Reliability and the Probability of Connection -- Figure 3.10 Average Retail Price Based on Monthly Consumption of 50 kWh -- Figure 3.11 Present Value of Gross Profit from an Additional User, before Connection Costs -- Figure 3.12 Equilibrium Break-Even Connection Charge and Share of Connected Households, as a Function of the Regulated Price of Electricity -- Figure 3.13 Sensitivity of Optimal Connection Charges and Share of Connected Households -- Figure 3.14 Comparison of Communities under a Grid and Those without a Grid -- Figure 3.15 Annual Sales of Branded Pico Solar Lighting Products in Africa -- Figure 3.16 Willingness to Pay and Product Warranty: Evidence from Senegal -- Figure 3.17 Willingness to Pay for Different Service Levels -- Figure 3.18 Sustainable Energy for All Electricity Access Tiers.
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Figure 3.19 Most Important Problems in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 4.1 Effects of Electricity Reliability on Economic Transformation -- Figure B4.3.1 Effects of Electricity Outages on Entrepreneurship and Firm Entry -- Figure 4.2 Socioeconomic Impact of Reliable Electricity in India -- Figure 4.3 Effect of Electricity Outages on Output, Revenue, and Productivity -- Figure 4.4 Electricity Outages, Trade Competitiveness, and Labor Demand -- Figure B4.5.1 Coping Strategies of Firms in Ghana -- Figure B4.5.2 Willingness to Pay and Electricity Expenditure of Firms in Ghana -- Figure 4.5 Effects of Electricity Outages on Employment -- Figure B4.6.1 Densification and Employment -- Figure B4.6.2 High Quality of Electricity Provision and Employment -- Figure 4.6 Electricity Access, Reliability, and Tax Compliance Attitudes -- Figure 4.7 Reliability and Tax Compliance Attitudes -- Figure 4.8 Reliability and Tax Compliance Attitudes: A Rural-Urban Perspective -- Figure 4.9 Simulated Tax Revenue Gains from the Provision of Reliable Electricity -- Figure 4A.1 Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Electricity Access -- Figure 5.1 Economic Potential and Electricity -- Figure 5.2 Share of Firms That Reported the Listed Factor as a Major Constraint, among Firms Not Listing Electricity as a Constraint -- Figure 5.3 Marginal Effects of Access to Reliable Electricity Conditional on Facilitating Factors -- Figure 6.1 Role of Stakeholders and Actions to Accelerate Progress toward Access to Electricity -- Figure B6.1.1 Ghana: Access to Electricity and Evolution of the Poverty Rate -- Maps -- Map 1.1 Access to Reliable Electricity, by Firms and Households -- Map 2.1 Electricity Uptake for Households under the Grid -- Map B4.4.1 Countries Included in the Analysis of the Impacts of Electricity Outages on Firms -- Tables -- Table 3.1 Factors Affecting Uptake and Consumption.
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Table 3.2 Determinants of Uptake: OLS and Heckman Two-Stage Model Results.
Additional Edition:
ISBN 1-4648-1361-2
Language:
English
URL:
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1361-0
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