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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring Women's Agency (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269741
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Improving women's agency, namely their ability to define goals and act on them, is crucial for advancing gender equality and the empowerment of women. Yet, existing frameworks for women's agency measurement-both disorganized and partial-provide a fragmented understanding of the constraints women face in exercising their agency, restricting the design of quality interventions and evaluation of their impact. This paper proposes a multidisciplinary framework containing the three critical dimensions of agency: goal-setting, perceived control and ability ("sense of agency"), and acting on goals. For each dimension, the paper (i) reviews existing measurement approaches and what is known about their relative quality; (ii) presents new empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa: validating vignettes as a measurement tool for goal-setting, examining gender and regional discrepancies in response to sense-of-agency measures, and investigating what information spousal disagreement over decision-making roles can provide about the intra-household process of acting on goals; and (iii) highlights priorities for future research to improve the measurement of women's agency
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Donald, Aletheia Measuring Women's Agency Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2017
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8148
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
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    Caring about Carework : Lifting Constraints to the Productivity of Women Farmers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271537
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Women farmers in the Western Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) bear the disproportionate burden of unpaid care work. Women spend less time than men on their plots and more time on domestic work. The authors use a combination of consultations in the field, desk research, and primary data collection to understand the patterns of time allocation in rural households in Western DRC. The gender differences in time allocation are striking where the female plot managers do 1 hour and 52 minutes more of domestic work per day than male plot managers. The gender differences are higher in male-headed households, and female plot managers spend significantly more time taking care of children when farming or going to market than their male counterparts. The agricultural productivity of female plot managers is on average twenty six percent lower than that of male plot managers. Having young children is associated with lower productivity for women but not for men. With the support of various stakeholders, the authors will pilot the provision of childcare services in the targeted region. The authors will rigorously evaluate the importance of these services on women's time allocation to productive activities, as well as their productivity
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/30118
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Lost in Interpretation : Why Spouses Disagree on who Makes Decisions (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080678
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (39 Seiten)
    Content: Across a wide variety of regions and contexts, surveys have found high rates of disagreement within couples on matters of household decision making. Using a unique data set from a spousal survey of 421 agricultural households in the Philippines, this paper finds that 50.2 percent of couples disagree about who makes any given decision in the household. The paper systematically explores the empirical relevance of theoretical explanations from the existing literature for this spousal disagreement. Spouses are no more likely to agree on specific decisions compared with general decision making, are more likely to agree on the decision-making process, and are less likely to agree on decision making for activities in which both take part. Moreover, women are more likely to report that their husbands were involved in decision making when speaking with a female enumerator. The findings suggest that intrahousehold disagreement is not driven by differing interpretations of which decisions count as "major," or by asymmetric information. Although the paper finds evidence of enumerator effects, their magnitude is small and cannot explain the observed rates of spousal disagreement over decision making. Rather, spousal disagreement appears to stem primarily from systematic gender differences in interpreting what it means to be a decision maker. The paper discusses the implications of the findings for the measurement of intrahousehold decision making in household surveys
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9883
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9883
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 4
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    Sharing Responsibility through Joint Decision Making and Implications for Intimate-Partner Violence : Evidence from 12 Sub-Saharan African Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080994
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (44 Seiten)
    Content: Intimate partner violence affects 36 percent of women in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper examines the relationship between decision making within couples and the incidence of intimate partner violence across 12 African countries. Using the wife's responses to survey questions, the analysis finds that compared with joint decision making, sole decision making by the husband is associated with a 3.3 percentage point higher incidence of physical intimate partner violence in the last year, while sole decision making by the wife is associated with a 10 percentage point higher incidence. Similar patterns hold for emotional and sexual violence. When the husband's report of decision making is included in the analysis, joint decision making emerges as protective only when spouses agree that decisions are made jointly. Notably, agreement on joint decision making is associated with lower intimate partner violence than agreement on decision making by the husband. Constructs undergirding common intimate partner violence theories, namely attitudes toward violence, similarity of preferences, marital capital, and bargaining, do not explain the relationship. The results are instead consistent with joint decision making as a mechanism that allows spouses to share responsibility and mitigate conflict if the decision is later regretted
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9760
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9760
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 5
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    The Social Tax : Redistributive Pressure and Labor Supply (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079489
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (71 Seiten)
    Content: In low-income communities, pressure to share income with others may disincentivize work, distorting labor supply. This paper documents that across countries, social groups that undertake more interpersonal transfers work fewer hours. Using a field experiment, the study enabled piece-rate factory workers in C?te d?Ivoire to shield income using blocked savings accounts over 3-9 months. Workers could only deposit earnings increases, relative to baseline, mitigating income effects on labor supply. The study varied whether the offered account was private or known to the worker?s network, altering the likelihood of transfer requests against saved income. When accounts were private, take-up was substantively higher (60% vs. 14%). Offering private accounts sharply increased labor supply?raising work attendance by 10% and earnings by 11%. Outgoing transfers did not decline, indicating no loss in redistribution. The estimates imply a 9?14% social tax rate. The welfare benefits of informal redistribution may come at a cost, depressing labor supply and productivity
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Carranza, Eliana The Social Tax: Redistributive Pressure and Labor Supply Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2022
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10155
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10155
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
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    Two Heads are Better than One : Agricultural Production and Investment in Cote D'Ivoire (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080280
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (54 Seiten)
    Content: Low levels of agricultural productivity and investment hinder economic growth in developing countries. This paper presents results from a field experiment in Cote d'Ivoire, which randomized wives' participation in an agricultural extension training for rubber, a male-dominated export crop that takes six years to start producing latex but requires upfront care. The training included a planning portion, consisting of filling out an action plan for rubber farming over the next two years, and a skills portion. In the without-wife group, households witnessed a 26.4 percent drop in the value of the crop harvested and a 18.4 percent drop in productivity, with labor going to planting rubber seedlings. In the group with wife participation, households had higher levels of investment (planting 20 percent more rubber seedlings) and were able to maintain pre-program levels of agricultural production on older trees and other crops. These households increased their labor hours and agricultural input use, resulting in no drop in overall production or productivity. This outcome did not come through increased skills or incentives. Rather, underlying these results are increases in planned agricultural management by wives, increased retention of the action plan, and a reduction in gendered task division. The results show how including women in economic planning can improve the efficiency of household farm production and promote higher levels of investment
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Donald, Aletheia Two Heads are Better than One: Agricultural Production and Investment in Cote D'Ivoire Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2022
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10047
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10047
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
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    Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Cote D'ivoire : Changes in Determinants and Distributional Composition over the Past Decade (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048274584
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (51 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper analyzes changes in agricultural productivity gender gaps in Cote d'Ivoire between 2008 and 2016 using decomposition methods. The analysis finds that the unconditional gender gap between male- and female-headed households has decreased by 14 percent over the past decade. The conditional gender gap has decreased by 32 percent and becomes statistically insignificant once accounting for whether households farm export crops. This transition is driven by improvements across crop types, but it is particularly remarkable for export crop productivity, likely due to increased adoption of fertilizer and pesticide by female-headed households. Despite these substantial improvements, female-headed households in the bottom half of the distribution remain disadvantaged. Moreover, over the past decade, female-headed households did not transition into commercial agriculture and have witnessed greater reductions in land area compared with their male counterparts. The results show that helping these female-headed households access agricultural labor, strengthen their land rights, and adopt export crops are the three most promising policy options to reach gender parity in agriculture in Cote d'Ivoire
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Aletheia Donald Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Cote D'ivoire: Changes in Determinants and Distributional Composition over the Past Decade Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2020
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9113
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 8
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    Assortative Matching in Africa : Evidence from Rural Mozambique, Cote D'ivoire, and Malawi (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048274414
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (17 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper documents novel evidence of positive assortative matching in African marriage markets along cognitive and socio-emotional skills, time and risk preferences, and education, using data from rural Mozambique, Cote d'Ivoire, and Malawi
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Boxho, Claire Assortative Matching in Africa: Evidence from Rural Mozambique, Cote D'ivoire, and Malawi Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2019
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8943
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 9
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    Taking Power : Women's Empowerment and Household Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048274505
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (46 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper examines women's power relative to that of their husbands in 23 Sub-Saharan African countries to determine how it affects women's health, reproductive outcomes, children's health, and children's education. The analysis uses a novel measure of women's empowerment that is closely linked to classical theories of power, built from spouses' often-conflicting reports of intrahousehold decision making. It finds that women's power substantially matters for health and various family and reproductive outcomes. Women taking power is also better for children's outcomes, in particular for girls' health, but it is worse for emotional violence. The results show the conceptual and analytical value of intrahousehold contention over decision making and expand the breadth of evidence on the importance of women's power for economic development
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Annan, Jeannie Taking Power: Women's Empowerment and Household Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2019
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9034
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 10
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    Gender Bias In SME Lending : Experimental Evidence From Turkey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048274571
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Gender disparities in small and medium-size enterprise lending exist around the world and impede the growth of millions of women-led firms. This paper examines a potential driver of these disparities: gender-biased loan officers. Officer bias is measured through a novel loan application experiment conducted with 77 loan officers in Turkish banks. The analysis finds that 35 percent of the loan officers are biased against female applicants, with women receiving loan amounts USD14,000 lower on average compared with men. Experience in the banking sector can attenuate this bias, with each year of experience reducing gender biased loan allocations by 6 percent. The results suggest that loan officers may use gender bias as a heuristic device given limited information and risk aversion. Helping newly recruited and lesser experienced loan officers to better discern loan application quality may thus improve financing of business loans to women and reduce gender gaps in entrepreneurship
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Alibhai Salman Gender Bias In SME Lending: Experimental Evidence From Turkey Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2019
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9100
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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