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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy Instruments for Reducing Congestion and Atmospheric Emissions in the Transport Sector : A Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958097418702883
    Format: 1 online resource (44 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4652
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Online Access
    Open Access Request
    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector : A Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049073969
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (44 Seiten))
    Edition: Online-Ausg
    Content: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle
    Additional Edition: Timilsina, Govinda R Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Online Access
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A review of regulatory instruments to control environmental externalities from the transport sector (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_834962470
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4867
    Content: "This study reviews regulatory instruments designed to reduce environmental externalities from the transport sector. The study finds that the main regulatory instruments used in practice are fuel economy standards, vehicle emission standards, and fuel quality standards. Although industrialized countries have introduced all three standards with strong enforcement mechanisms, most developing countries have yet to introduce fuel economy standards. The emission standards introduced by many developing countries to control local air pollutants follow either the European Union or United States standards. Fuel quality standards, particularly for gasoline and diesel, have been introduced in many countries mandating 2 to 10 percent blending of biofuels, 10 to 50 times reduction of sulfur from 1996 levels, and banning lead contents. Although inspection and maintenance programs are in place in both industrialized and developing countries to enforce regulatory standards, these programs have faced several challenges in developing countries due to a lack of resources. The study also highlights several factors affecting the selection of regulatory instruments, such as countries' environmental priorities and institutional capacities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    Additional Edition: Timilsina, Govinda R A review of regulatory instruments to control environmental externalities from the transport sector
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4867
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Online Access
    Open Access Request
    UB Potsdam
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A review of regulatory instruments to control environmental externalities from the transport sector (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048264308
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4867
    Content: "This study reviews regulatory instruments designed to reduce environmental externalities from the transport sector. The study finds that the main regulatory instruments used in practice are fuel economy standards, vehicle emission standards, and fuel quality standards. Although industrialized countries have introduced all three standards with strong enforcement mechanisms, most developing countries have yet to introduce fuel economy standards. The emission standards introduced by many developing countries to control local air pollutants follow either the European Union or United States standards. Fuel quality standards, particularly for gasoline and diesel, have been introduced in many countries mandating 2 to 10 percent blending of biofuels, 10 to 50 times reduction of sulfur from 1996 levels, and banning lead contents. Although inspection and maintenance programs are in place in both industrialized and developing countries to enforce regulatory standards, these programs have faced several challenges in developing countries due to a lack of resources. The study also highlights several factors affecting the selection of regulatory instruments, such as countries' environmental priorities and institutional capacities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009
    Additional Edition: Timilsina, Govinda R A review of regulatory instruments to control environmental externalities from the transport sector
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4867
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A review of regulatory instruments to control environmental externalities from the transport sector / (2009)
    [Washington, D.C. :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958095197702883
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper ; 4867
    Content: "This study reviews regulatory instruments designed to reduce environmental externalities from the transport sector. The study finds that the main regulatory instruments used in practice are fuel economy standards, vehicle emission standards, and fuel quality standards. Although industrialized countries have introduced all three standards with strong enforcement mechanisms, most developing countries have yet to introduce fuel economy standards. The emission standards introduced by many developing countries to control local air pollutants follow either the European Union or United States standards. Fuel quality standards, particularly for gasoline and diesel, have been introduced in many countries mandating 2 to 10 percent blending of biofuels, 10 to 50 times reduction of sulfur from 1996 levels, and banning lead contents. Although inspection and maintenance programs are in place in both industrialized and developing countries to enforce regulatory standards, these programs have faced several challenges in developing countries due to a lack of resources. The study also highlights several factors affecting the selection of regulatory instruments, such as countries' environmental priorities and institutional capacities. "--World Bank web site.
    Note: Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009. , Also available in printing.
    Language: English
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    FU Berlin
    Charité
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy Instruments for Reducing Congestion and Atmospheric Emissions in the Transport Sector : A Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    edocfu_9958097418702883
    Format: 1 online resource (44 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4652
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    FU Berlin
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy Instruments for Reducing Congestion and Atmospheric Emissions in the Transport Sector : A Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9958097418702883
    Format: 1 online resource (44 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4652
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    Charité
  • 8
    Book
    Book
    Poverty reduction in a changing climate / (2013)
    Lanham, MD [u.a.] :Lexington Books,
    Details
    UID:
    almahu_BV042718059
    Format: XVI, 413 S. : , graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 978-0-7391-6801-1 , 978-1-4985-1093-6
    Note: Includes index. - Enth. 13 Beitr.
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe ISBN 9780739179895
    Language: English
    Subjects: Economics
    RVK:
    QX 040
    Keywords: Umwelt ; Einfluss ; Armut
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Book
    HU Berlin get availability status
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Regulatory Instruments to Control Environmental Externalities from the Transport Sector (2012)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797526242
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper WPS 4867
    Content: This study reviews regulatory instruments designed to reduce environmental externalities from the transport sector. The study finds that the main regulatory instruments used in practice are fuel economy standards, vehicle emission standards, and fuel quality standards. Although industrialized countries have introduced all three standards with strong enforcement mechanisms, most developing countries have yet to introduce fuel economy standards. The emission standards introduced by many developing countries to control local air pollutants follow either the European Union or United States standards. Fuel quality standards, particularly for gasoline and diesel, have been introduced in many countries mandating 2 to 10 percent blending of biofuels, 10 to 50 times reduction of sulfur from 1996 levels, and banning lead contents. Although inspection and maintenance programs are in place in both industrialized and developing countries to enforce regulatory standards, these programs have faced several challenges in developing countries due to a lack of resources. The study also highlights several factors affecting the selection of regulatory instruments, such as countries' environmental priorities and institutional capacities.
    Note: English
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: kostenfrei
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    Stabi Berlin
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban Road Transportation Externalities : Costs and Choice of Policy Instruments (2011)
    [s.l.] : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017861633
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Research Observer;26(1) 26(1)
    Content: Urban transportation externalities are a key development challenge. Based on the existing literature, the authors illustrate the magnitudes of various external costs, review response policies, and measure and discuss their selection, particularly focusing on the context of developing countries. They find that regulatory policy instruments aimed at reducing local air pollution have been introduced in most countries in the world. On the other hand, fiscal policy instruments aimed at reducing congestion or greenhouse gas emissions are limited mainly to industrialized economies. Although traditional fiscal instruments, such as fuel taxes and subsidies, are normally introduced for other purposes, they can also help to reduce externalities. Land-use or urban planning, and infrastructure investment, could also contribute to reducing externalities; but they are expensive and play a small role in already developed megacities. The main factors that influence the choice of policy instruments include economic efficiency, equity, country or city specific priority, and institutional capacity for implementation. Multiple policy options need to be used simultaneously to reduce effectively the different externalities arising from urban road transportation because most policy options are not mutually exclusive.
    Note: en_US
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: kostenfrei
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    Stabi Berlin
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