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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Russian Federation, the World Trade Organization, and the Eurasian Customs Union : Tariff and Non-tariff Policy Challenges (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143918302883
    Format: 1 online resource (59 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper assesses issues relating to tariffs and nontariff measures (NTMs) in relation to Russia's World Trade Organization (WTO) and Eurasian Customs Union (ECU) commitments. The analysis finds that full implementation of Russia's WTO tariff schedule through 2020, would raise goods imports by about USD 3.5 billion (1.1 percent) compared to 2012, with estimates of welfare gains to Russian consumers equal to approximately USD 370 million. Russian exports to members of the ECU, primarily Kazakhstan, would increase by an estimated USD 194 million, measured against a 2008 baseline. The impact of NTMs in Russia and the ECU, though difficult to quantify, is potentially more important for the market than tariff changes, because of the significant divergence between the historical GOST standards and standards prevailing in most of Russia's trading partners. Formation of the ECU and its associated bodies in 2010 has tended to perpetuate regional methods of standard setting, and by extension NTM policies, that are closely aligned with older models.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7748
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Export Competitiveness and FDI Performance across the Regions of the Russian Federation / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143914802883
    Format: 1 online resource (72 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The Russian Federation's regions not only have highly uneven degrees of development, they also have very uneven degrees of foreign orientation. Regions with the highest foreign orientation-exports of goods per capita or inbound foreign direct investment per capita-almost across the board have the highest standard of living; and those with the lowest foreign orientation generally have the lowest. In this paper, the Russian federal regions are grouped into three categories-lagging, middle-range, and leading-according to real per capita gross regional product. Leading regions seem to be those specialized in mineral exports; lagging regions are not. In addition, the richest regions tend to have high per capita exports, high foreign direct investment, or both; middle-range regions with relatively higher incomes often have high per capita non-mineral exports. Russia's lagging regions have much more tenuous international engagements than the rest of Russia in exports and foreign direct investment. These findings suggest that foreign orientation is an important determinant of socioeconomic development and could be an important item on Russia's regional policy agenda. Such policies might have a variety of objectives: (1) earning income (export goods in which Russia has traditionally had a comparative advantage); (2) diversification and economic stability (minimize risk from drops in oil prices or crises in individual markets and add exports for which demand is likely to be steady over the medium term); (3) technological upgrading (move to more sophisticated goods with greater innovation content); and (4) regional development (promote the uplift of lagging regions). Each of these motives has a different profile of goods exported, regions, and most closely associated destination markets.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7821
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Using Gross Trade Data to Map Archetypal GVCs : (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958373678202883
    Format: 1 online resource (42 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper introduces a new, publicly available database for tracking merchandise trade in the global value chains for apparel/textile/footwear, motor vehicles and parts, and electronics, developed originally for in-depth analysis at the country level. The data enable tracking of intermediate and final goods trade by country. Among other results, the study finds that East Asia and Pacific is the most global value chain-intensive region, and Sub-Saharan Africa is the least global value chain-intensive region. Final assembly of motor vehicles is significantly more sophisticated (takes place in higher income countries), while final apparel is the least sophisticated global value chain category and is geographically dispersed. In general, intermediate goods are more likely to be traded within regions, and final goods are more likely to be traded between regions. South Asia produces a large value of relatively unsophisticated global value chain exports, focusing on apparel and textiles; North American exports are the most sophisticated. Within categories, the degree of product sophistication varies markedly.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8296
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Measurement and Analysis of E-Commerce : Frameworks for Improving Data Availability (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048272932
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Interest in the expansion of e-commerce as a driver for economic development, especially ecommerce across borders, has intensified in recent years. While there is an apparent widespread consensus on the environmental factors necessary to promote e-commerce in developing countries, the basis of empirical evidence on both the extent of e-commerce and the extent to which this is associated with any of its drivers is disappointingly weak. This paper aims at summarizing the current state of affairs with respect to the availability of data and suggests some ways forward in terms of generating an increased supply of policy-relevant data and analysis
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/33175
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Fulltext
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Actual and Potential Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific : Estimated Effects (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048273079
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper assesses and compares economic impacts of four actual and potential free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific Region; Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP, sometimes also called TPP-11), the original Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP-12), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), and the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP). FTAs with a larger scale and wider membership are expected to produce higher aggregate gains in terms of increased GDP and trade flows. U.S. withdrawal from TPP-12 reduced estimated GDP gains for the TPP-11 countries by about half. For countries belonging to CPTPP and also negotiating RCEP, the potential gains from an agreement with both China and Korea are substantial, but not as large as if the United States were to re-join TPP-12. On a sectoral basis, significant structural shifts are observed for such sectors as food processing, wearing apparel, textiles, and transport equipment
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/33549
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Leveraging ICT Technologies in Closing the Gender Gap (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048272931
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: In recent decades, the growth of information and communications technologies (ICT) and the move toward the digitalization of trade and global value chains has been radically transforming the global trade scene, with important implications for women engaged in trade. In order to identify adequate measures to reduce gender disparities, this paper reviews and discusses evidence from the existing literature, as well as presents evidence from several new empirical analyses. It also introduces two new frameworks to analyze the gender dimensions of e-commerce. Digital technologies have the potential to empower women socially and economically by creating new employment and entrepreneurial opportunities, removing trade barriers for women, enhancing access to finance and information and optimizing their business processes. For example, e-commerce substantially lowers the barriers to entry for micro-, small- and medium sized enterprises by reducing the investment needed to launch and run a business. Digital solutions that remove the need for face-to-face interactions when trading can help reduce the difficulties women business owners face, such as mobility constraints, discrimination, and in some countries even violence. As workers, digital technologies may help women overcome time and mobility constraints by connecting women to work from different locations and in flexible hours through emails, instant messaging and tele-conferences. It will also benefit women as consumers by saving time, providing access to information, reducing transaction costs, or giving them more control over the purchasing process. Yet, technology is not the silver bullet in resolving all the gender gaps in trade. This is because women's access and use of ICTs and digital technologies tend to lag in contrast to men. The benefits of digital technologies hinges on well-designed and specifically targeted policies
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/33165
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kyrgyz Republic Country Economic Memorandum (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048273042
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: And while 'Productivity isn't everything, but in the long run it is almost everything', highlighting one of the main challenges of the country's current growth model.3 Poverty has declined, but modest growth has made a modest dent, leaving the poverty rate as high as 31 percent, with a substantial part of the population living in regions with more limited and lower quality government services than in Bishkek
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/33494
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Fulltext
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reshaping Global Value Chains in Light of COVID-19 : Implications for Trade and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080535
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (160 Seiten)
    Content: Global value chains (GVCs) have driven dramatic expansions in trade, productivity, and economic growth in developing countries over the past three decades. Reshaping Global Value Chains in Light of COVID-19: Implications for Trade and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries examines the economic impact of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic on GVCs and explores whether they can continue to be a driver of trade and development. The book undertakes the following: -- Assesses what the impact of previous crises, such as the global financial crisis of 2008-09, can say about of the resilience of GVC firms to shocks -- Examines what high-frequency data on trade flows can show about the impact of COVID-19 during the sharp global recession of 2020 -- Uses discussions with GVC firms to gain a deeper understanding of the impacts of-and their responses to-the COVID-19 shock -- Explores simulations from a global economic model to assess the potential longer-term impacts of COVID-19 on low- and middle-income countries and key factors shaping the global economy, including the evolving role of China, the rise of trade restrictions, and policy responses to global warming -- Asks what steps countries and international institutions can take to enhance the resilience of GVCs in low-income countries to future shocks. The analysis shows that well-operating GVCs are a source of resilience more than a source of vulnerability. Moreover, steps to maintain and enhance trade contribute to managing a crisis and recovery, while measures to reshore production make all countries worse off. This economic crisis offers countries an opportunity to reshape the global economy into a greener, more resilient, and inclusive system that is better equipped for a changing world. Trade is a powerful tool for achieving this aim
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9781464808219
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1821-9
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reshaping global value chains in light of COVID-19 : implications for trade and poverty reduction in developing countries (2022)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank Group
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048248930
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    ISBN: 9781464818226
    Content: Global value chains (GVCs) have driven dramatic expansions in trade, productivity, and economic growth in developing countries over the past three decades. Reshaping Global Value Chains in Light of COVID-19: Implications for Trade and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries examines the economic impact of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic on GVCs and explores whether they can continue to be a driver of trade and development. The book undertakes the following: -- Assesses what the impact of previous crises, such as the global financial crisis of 2008-09, can say about of the resilience of GVC firms to shocks -- Examines what high-frequency data on trade flows can show about the impact of COVID-19 during the sharp global recession of 2020 -- Uses discussions with GVC firms to gain a deeper understanding of the impacts of-and their responses to-the COVID-19 shock -- Explores simulations from a global economic model to assess the potential longer-term impacts of COVID-19 on low- and middle-income countries and key factors shaping the global economy, including the evolving role of China, the rise of trade restrictions, and policy responses to global warming -- Asks what steps countries and international institutions can take to enhance the resilience of GVCs in low-income countries to future shocks. The analysis shows that well-operating GVCs are a source of resilience more than a source of vulnerability. Moreover, steps to maintain and enhance trade contribute to managing a crisis and recovery, while measures to reshore production make all countries worse off. This economic crisis offers countries an opportunity to reshape the global economy into a greener, more resilient, and inclusive system that is better equipped for a changing world. Trade is a powerful tool for achieving this aim
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-1-4648-1821-9
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    Author information: Brenton, Paul 1961-
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    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
  • 10
    Book
    Book
    Export dynamics and economic growth in Latin America : a comparative perspective (2000)
    Aldershot 〈〈[u.a.]〉〉 : Ashgate
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV023524267
    Format: X, 177 S. , graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 0754612236
    Note: Literaturverz. S. 165 - 173
    Language: English
    Subjects: Economics
    RVK:
    QG 630
    Keywords: Lateinamerika ; Exportdiversifikation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bibliographie enthalten ; Aufsatzsammlung
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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