Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (1041 pages)

Edition: Fourth edition.

ISBN: 0-12-818541-4 , 9780128185407

Note: Front Cover -- Nutritional Management of Renal Disease -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- I. Normal and altered metabolism of chronic kidney disease -- 1 The KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 update -- Introduction -- The guideline development process -- Key points addressed in the 2020 updated guideline -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 The influence of kidney disease on protein and amino acid metabolism -- Introduction -- Influence of protein intake on CKD -- Dietary restriction of protein -- Metabolic acidosis -- Role of protein metabolism in hypertension -- Uremic toxins derived from protein metabolism -- Excessive sodium -- Phosphates -- Dysregulation of proteolytic pathways in CKD -- The ubiquitin-proteasome system -- Cytokine-induced muscle wasting -- Myostatin -- Albumin and other markers of malnutrition -- Defining decreased protein stores -- Protein supplementation in dialysis -- Protein metabolism post-kidney transplantation -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Carbohydrate metabolism in chronic renal disease -- Introduction -- Insulin resistance -- Consequences of insulin resistance -- Insulin secretion -- Insulin clearance -- Hypoglycemia -- Carbohydrate metabolism in patients with renal replacement therapy -- Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis -- Peritoneal dialysis patients -- Kidney transplant recipients and new-onset diabetes after transplantation -- Treatment of diabetes mellitus in diabetics with chronic kidney disease -- Target of treatments -- Drug management in diabetics with chronic kidney disease -- Metformin -- Sulfonylureas -- Pioglitazone -- Meglitinides -- Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists -- Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors -- Acarbose -- Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors -- Insulin -- References. , 4 Altered lipid metabolism and serum lipids in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile in chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease patients -- Conditions that modify lipid profile in chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease -- The nature and mechanisms of chronic kidney disease-induced lipid abnormalities -- High-density lipoprotein metabolism and function -- Effect of chronic kidney disease on structure and function of high-density lipoprotein -- Effects of chronic kidney disease on very-low-density lipoprotein and chylomicron metabolism -- Effect of chronic kidney disease on cholesterol metabolism -- The nature and mechanisms of adverse effects of lipid disorders in chronic kidney disease -- Inflammation and oxidative stress -- Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease -- Lipotoxicity and its role in progression of kidney disease -- Nutrition and energy metabolism -- Treatment of chronic kidney disease-associated dyslipidemia -- Statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease patients -- Statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients -- Effect of statins on progression of kidney disease -- Mechanisms of protective effects of statins in chronic kidney disease -- Potential adverse effects of statins -- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists -- Niacin -- Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors -- Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors -- References -- 5 Energy metabolism and requirements in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Energy balance -- Energy intake -- Energy expenditure -- Basal energy expenditure and resting energy expenditure -- Thermic effect of food -- Thermic effect of activity -- Factors that influence energy expenditure -- Measurement of energy expenditure. , Direct calorimetry -- Indirect calorimetry -- Doubly labeled water -- Energy balance and chronic kidney disease -- Predictive energy equations -- Overview and recommended energy intake in chronic kidney disease patients -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 Uremic toxins: an integrated overview of classification and pathobiology -- Introduction -- Definition of a uremic toxin -- Classification of uremic toxins by physicochemical characteristics -- The pathobiologic categorization of uremic toxins according to the processes underlying accumulation in body fluids -- The linkage of uremic toxins to the pathobiology of uremia -- Clinical manifestations of uremia and the role of tropisms -- The effects of diet and dialysis on uremic toxins -- Diet -- Dialysis -- Summary and conclusion -- References -- 7 Inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- General considerations -- Multifactorial causes of inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- Inflammation as a cause of protein-energy wasting -- Inflammation leading to anorexia -- Inflammation and depression -- Inflammation and increased energy expenditure -- Catabolic effects of inflammation -- Inflammation and anabolic resistance -- Inflammation as a catalyst for other risk factors -- Other consequences of inflammation -- Monitoring inflammation -- Monitoring inflammation for prognostic purposes -- Monitoring inflammation for diagnostic purposes -- Treatment of inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- References -- 8 Catalytic (labile) iron in kidney disease -- Introduction -- Definition of catalytic (labile) iron and its importance in tissue injury -- Role of catalytic iron in acute kidney injury -- Catalytic iron in myoglobinuric acute kidney injury -- Catalytic iron in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity -- Catalytic iron in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. , Gentamicin-induced mobilization of iron from renal cortical mitochondria -- Evidence suggesting a role for iron in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats -- Catalytic iron in contrast media-associated nephrotoxicity -- Catalytic iron in ischemia-reperfusion injury -- Catalytic iron in chronic kidney disease -- Catalytic iron in experimental glomerular disease -- Role of iron in experimental progressive kidney disease -- Catalytic iron in human disease -- Catalytic iron in diabetic nephropathy -- Catalytic iron in chronic kidney disease -- Concluding comments -- References -- 9 Carbonyl stress in uremia -- Introduction -- Increased age and other protein modifications -- Carbonyl stress -- Clinical consequences of carbonyl stress -- Nutrition and carbonyl stress -- References -- 10 Metabolic and nutritional responses to acidemia and alkalemia -- Introduction -- Responses to acute acidemia and alkalemia -- Bone buffering and calcium homeostasis in chronic acidemia -- Increased ammoniagenesis and muscle wasting in acidemia -- Hypoalbuminemia, inflammation, and innate- and cell-mediated immunities -- Endocrine responses to acidemia -- Renal hypertrophy -- What is the benefit of the catabolic response to metabolic acidosis? -- Theories of subclinical acidemia, acid stress, or eubicarbonatemic metabolic acidosis -- Estimated net endogenous acid production and the potential renal acid load -- Clinical implications for calcium and bone -- Clinical implications for protein nutrition, muscle function, and mortality -- Treating metabolic acidosis -- References -- 11 The gut microbiome and the kidney -- Case vignette -- Introduction to the gut microbiome -- The Gut Microbiome, Dysbiosis, and CKD -- Microbiota and the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier -- Dysbiosis and CKD -- CKD and the gut barrier function -- Uremic toxins and CKD. , Indoxyl sulfate -- p-Cresol sulfate -- Trimethylamine N-oxide -- Endotoxin -- Short-chain fatty acids -- Gut microbiome and hypertension -- Targeted interventions to treat dysbiosis in CKD/ESRD -- Prebiotics -- Probiotics -- Symbiotics -- Other therapies -- Dietary modifications and fecal transplantation -- Microbiome engineering -- Conclusion and future directions -- References -- II. Treatment of altered metabolism in chronic kidney disease -- 12 Assessment and risk factors for protein-energy wasting and frailty in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Assessment for protein-energy wasting -- Diagnosis of protein-energy wasting -- Serum biochemical markers of nutrition -- Serum albumin -- Serum prealbumin (transthyretin) -- Normalized protein catabolic rate or normalized protein nitrogen appearance -- Serum cholesterol -- Body mass -- Body mass index -- Total body fat percentage -- Muscle mass -- Serum creatinine -- Midarm muscle circumference -- Bioelectrical impedance analysis -- Computed tomography scan -- Dietary intake -- Dietary protein intake -- Dietary energy intake -- Comprehensive nutritional assessment -- Composite nutritional indices -- Screening for protein-energy wasting -- Assessment tools for PEW -- Subjective Global Assessment of nutrition -- Malnutrition-inflammation score -- Assessment for frailty -- Diagnosis of frailty -- Fried phenotype model of frailty -- Shrinking -- Weakness -- Poor endurance and energy -- Slowness -- Low physical activity level -- Cumulative deficit model of frailty or the frailty index -- Clinical Frailty Scale -- Screening for frailty -- Treatment of frailty -- Risk factors of protein-energy wasting and frailty -- Risk factors of protein-energy wasting -- Increased loss of protein or energy -- Chronic kidney disease-related factors -- Increased protein loss -- Increased proteolysis. , Increased protein or energy utilization.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (1041 pages)

Edition: Fourth edition.

ISBN: 0-12-818541-4 , 9780128185407

Note: Front Cover -- Nutritional Management of Renal Disease -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- I. Normal and altered metabolism of chronic kidney disease -- 1 The KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 update -- Introduction -- The guideline development process -- Key points addressed in the 2020 updated guideline -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 The influence of kidney disease on protein and amino acid metabolism -- Introduction -- Influence of protein intake on CKD -- Dietary restriction of protein -- Metabolic acidosis -- Role of protein metabolism in hypertension -- Uremic toxins derived from protein metabolism -- Excessive sodium -- Phosphates -- Dysregulation of proteolytic pathways in CKD -- The ubiquitin-proteasome system -- Cytokine-induced muscle wasting -- Myostatin -- Albumin and other markers of malnutrition -- Defining decreased protein stores -- Protein supplementation in dialysis -- Protein metabolism post-kidney transplantation -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Carbohydrate metabolism in chronic renal disease -- Introduction -- Insulin resistance -- Consequences of insulin resistance -- Insulin secretion -- Insulin clearance -- Hypoglycemia -- Carbohydrate metabolism in patients with renal replacement therapy -- Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis -- Peritoneal dialysis patients -- Kidney transplant recipients and new-onset diabetes after transplantation -- Treatment of diabetes mellitus in diabetics with chronic kidney disease -- Target of treatments -- Drug management in diabetics with chronic kidney disease -- Metformin -- Sulfonylureas -- Pioglitazone -- Meglitinides -- Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists -- Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors -- Acarbose -- Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors -- Insulin -- References. , 4 Altered lipid metabolism and serum lipids in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile in chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease patients -- Conditions that modify lipid profile in chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease -- The nature and mechanisms of chronic kidney disease-induced lipid abnormalities -- High-density lipoprotein metabolism and function -- Effect of chronic kidney disease on structure and function of high-density lipoprotein -- Effects of chronic kidney disease on very-low-density lipoprotein and chylomicron metabolism -- Effect of chronic kidney disease on cholesterol metabolism -- The nature and mechanisms of adverse effects of lipid disorders in chronic kidney disease -- Inflammation and oxidative stress -- Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease -- Lipotoxicity and its role in progression of kidney disease -- Nutrition and energy metabolism -- Treatment of chronic kidney disease-associated dyslipidemia -- Statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease patients -- Statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients -- Effect of statins on progression of kidney disease -- Mechanisms of protective effects of statins in chronic kidney disease -- Potential adverse effects of statins -- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists -- Niacin -- Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors -- Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors -- References -- 5 Energy metabolism and requirements in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Energy balance -- Energy intake -- Energy expenditure -- Basal energy expenditure and resting energy expenditure -- Thermic effect of food -- Thermic effect of activity -- Factors that influence energy expenditure -- Measurement of energy expenditure. , Direct calorimetry -- Indirect calorimetry -- Doubly labeled water -- Energy balance and chronic kidney disease -- Predictive energy equations -- Overview and recommended energy intake in chronic kidney disease patients -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 Uremic toxins: an integrated overview of classification and pathobiology -- Introduction -- Definition of a uremic toxin -- Classification of uremic toxins by physicochemical characteristics -- The pathobiologic categorization of uremic toxins according to the processes underlying accumulation in body fluids -- The linkage of uremic toxins to the pathobiology of uremia -- Clinical manifestations of uremia and the role of tropisms -- The effects of diet and dialysis on uremic toxins -- Diet -- Dialysis -- Summary and conclusion -- References -- 7 Inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- General considerations -- Multifactorial causes of inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- Inflammation as a cause of protein-energy wasting -- Inflammation leading to anorexia -- Inflammation and depression -- Inflammation and increased energy expenditure -- Catabolic effects of inflammation -- Inflammation and anabolic resistance -- Inflammation as a catalyst for other risk factors -- Other consequences of inflammation -- Monitoring inflammation -- Monitoring inflammation for prognostic purposes -- Monitoring inflammation for diagnostic purposes -- Treatment of inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- References -- 8 Catalytic (labile) iron in kidney disease -- Introduction -- Definition of catalytic (labile) iron and its importance in tissue injury -- Role of catalytic iron in acute kidney injury -- Catalytic iron in myoglobinuric acute kidney injury -- Catalytic iron in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity -- Catalytic iron in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. , Gentamicin-induced mobilization of iron from renal cortical mitochondria -- Evidence suggesting a role for iron in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats -- Catalytic iron in contrast media-associated nephrotoxicity -- Catalytic iron in ischemia-reperfusion injury -- Catalytic iron in chronic kidney disease -- Catalytic iron in experimental glomerular disease -- Role of iron in experimental progressive kidney disease -- Catalytic iron in human disease -- Catalytic iron in diabetic nephropathy -- Catalytic iron in chronic kidney disease -- Concluding comments -- References -- 9 Carbonyl stress in uremia -- Introduction -- Increased age and other protein modifications -- Carbonyl stress -- Clinical consequences of carbonyl stress -- Nutrition and carbonyl stress -- References -- 10 Metabolic and nutritional responses to acidemia and alkalemia -- Introduction -- Responses to acute acidemia and alkalemia -- Bone buffering and calcium homeostasis in chronic acidemia -- Increased ammoniagenesis and muscle wasting in acidemia -- Hypoalbuminemia, inflammation, and innate- and cell-mediated immunities -- Endocrine responses to acidemia -- Renal hypertrophy -- What is the benefit of the catabolic response to metabolic acidosis? -- Theories of subclinical acidemia, acid stress, or eubicarbonatemic metabolic acidosis -- Estimated net endogenous acid production and the potential renal acid load -- Clinical implications for calcium and bone -- Clinical implications for protein nutrition, muscle function, and mortality -- Treating metabolic acidosis -- References -- 11 The gut microbiome and the kidney -- Case vignette -- Introduction to the gut microbiome -- The Gut Microbiome, Dysbiosis, and CKD -- Microbiota and the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier -- Dysbiosis and CKD -- CKD and the gut barrier function -- Uremic toxins and CKD. , Indoxyl sulfate -- p-Cresol sulfate -- Trimethylamine N-oxide -- Endotoxin -- Short-chain fatty acids -- Gut microbiome and hypertension -- Targeted interventions to treat dysbiosis in CKD/ESRD -- Prebiotics -- Probiotics -- Symbiotics -- Other therapies -- Dietary modifications and fecal transplantation -- Microbiome engineering -- Conclusion and future directions -- References -- II. Treatment of altered metabolism in chronic kidney disease -- 12 Assessment and risk factors for protein-energy wasting and frailty in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Assessment for protein-energy wasting -- Diagnosis of protein-energy wasting -- Serum biochemical markers of nutrition -- Serum albumin -- Serum prealbumin (transthyretin) -- Normalized protein catabolic rate or normalized protein nitrogen appearance -- Serum cholesterol -- Body mass -- Body mass index -- Total body fat percentage -- Muscle mass -- Serum creatinine -- Midarm muscle circumference -- Bioelectrical impedance analysis -- Computed tomography scan -- Dietary intake -- Dietary protein intake -- Dietary energy intake -- Comprehensive nutritional assessment -- Composite nutritional indices -- Screening for protein-energy wasting -- Assessment tools for PEW -- Subjective Global Assessment of nutrition -- Malnutrition-inflammation score -- Assessment for frailty -- Diagnosis of frailty -- Fried phenotype model of frailty -- Shrinking -- Weakness -- Poor endurance and energy -- Slowness -- Low physical activity level -- Cumulative deficit model of frailty or the frailty index -- Clinical Frailty Scale -- Screening for frailty -- Treatment of frailty -- Risk factors of protein-energy wasting and frailty -- Risk factors of protein-energy wasting -- Increased loss of protein or energy -- Chronic kidney disease-related factors -- Increased protein loss -- Increased proteolysis. , Increased protein or energy utilization.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (1041 pages)

Edition: Fourth edition.

ISBN: 0-12-818541-4 , 9780128185407

Note: Front Cover -- Nutritional Management of Renal Disease -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- I. Normal and altered metabolism of chronic kidney disease -- 1 The KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 update -- Introduction -- The guideline development process -- Key points addressed in the 2020 updated guideline -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 The influence of kidney disease on protein and amino acid metabolism -- Introduction -- Influence of protein intake on CKD -- Dietary restriction of protein -- Metabolic acidosis -- Role of protein metabolism in hypertension -- Uremic toxins derived from protein metabolism -- Excessive sodium -- Phosphates -- Dysregulation of proteolytic pathways in CKD -- The ubiquitin-proteasome system -- Cytokine-induced muscle wasting -- Myostatin -- Albumin and other markers of malnutrition -- Defining decreased protein stores -- Protein supplementation in dialysis -- Protein metabolism post-kidney transplantation -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Carbohydrate metabolism in chronic renal disease -- Introduction -- Insulin resistance -- Consequences of insulin resistance -- Insulin secretion -- Insulin clearance -- Hypoglycemia -- Carbohydrate metabolism in patients with renal replacement therapy -- Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis -- Peritoneal dialysis patients -- Kidney transplant recipients and new-onset diabetes after transplantation -- Treatment of diabetes mellitus in diabetics with chronic kidney disease -- Target of treatments -- Drug management in diabetics with chronic kidney disease -- Metformin -- Sulfonylureas -- Pioglitazone -- Meglitinides -- Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists -- Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors -- Acarbose -- Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors -- Insulin -- References. , 4 Altered lipid metabolism and serum lipids in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile in chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease patients -- Conditions that modify lipid profile in chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease -- The nature and mechanisms of chronic kidney disease-induced lipid abnormalities -- High-density lipoprotein metabolism and function -- Effect of chronic kidney disease on structure and function of high-density lipoprotein -- Effects of chronic kidney disease on very-low-density lipoprotein and chylomicron metabolism -- Effect of chronic kidney disease on cholesterol metabolism -- The nature and mechanisms of adverse effects of lipid disorders in chronic kidney disease -- Inflammation and oxidative stress -- Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease -- Lipotoxicity and its role in progression of kidney disease -- Nutrition and energy metabolism -- Treatment of chronic kidney disease-associated dyslipidemia -- Statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease patients -- Statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients -- Effect of statins on progression of kidney disease -- Mechanisms of protective effects of statins in chronic kidney disease -- Potential adverse effects of statins -- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists -- Niacin -- Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors -- Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors -- References -- 5 Energy metabolism and requirements in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Energy balance -- Energy intake -- Energy expenditure -- Basal energy expenditure and resting energy expenditure -- Thermic effect of food -- Thermic effect of activity -- Factors that influence energy expenditure -- Measurement of energy expenditure. , Direct calorimetry -- Indirect calorimetry -- Doubly labeled water -- Energy balance and chronic kidney disease -- Predictive energy equations -- Overview and recommended energy intake in chronic kidney disease patients -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 Uremic toxins: an integrated overview of classification and pathobiology -- Introduction -- Definition of a uremic toxin -- Classification of uremic toxins by physicochemical characteristics -- The pathobiologic categorization of uremic toxins according to the processes underlying accumulation in body fluids -- The linkage of uremic toxins to the pathobiology of uremia -- Clinical manifestations of uremia and the role of tropisms -- The effects of diet and dialysis on uremic toxins -- Diet -- Dialysis -- Summary and conclusion -- References -- 7 Inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- General considerations -- Multifactorial causes of inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- Inflammation as a cause of protein-energy wasting -- Inflammation leading to anorexia -- Inflammation and depression -- Inflammation and increased energy expenditure -- Catabolic effects of inflammation -- Inflammation and anabolic resistance -- Inflammation as a catalyst for other risk factors -- Other consequences of inflammation -- Monitoring inflammation -- Monitoring inflammation for prognostic purposes -- Monitoring inflammation for diagnostic purposes -- Treatment of inflammation in chronic kidney disease -- References -- 8 Catalytic (labile) iron in kidney disease -- Introduction -- Definition of catalytic (labile) iron and its importance in tissue injury -- Role of catalytic iron in acute kidney injury -- Catalytic iron in myoglobinuric acute kidney injury -- Catalytic iron in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity -- Catalytic iron in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. , Gentamicin-induced mobilization of iron from renal cortical mitochondria -- Evidence suggesting a role for iron in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats -- Catalytic iron in contrast media-associated nephrotoxicity -- Catalytic iron in ischemia-reperfusion injury -- Catalytic iron in chronic kidney disease -- Catalytic iron in experimental glomerular disease -- Role of iron in experimental progressive kidney disease -- Catalytic iron in human disease -- Catalytic iron in diabetic nephropathy -- Catalytic iron in chronic kidney disease -- Concluding comments -- References -- 9 Carbonyl stress in uremia -- Introduction -- Increased age and other protein modifications -- Carbonyl stress -- Clinical consequences of carbonyl stress -- Nutrition and carbonyl stress -- References -- 10 Metabolic and nutritional responses to acidemia and alkalemia -- Introduction -- Responses to acute acidemia and alkalemia -- Bone buffering and calcium homeostasis in chronic acidemia -- Increased ammoniagenesis and muscle wasting in acidemia -- Hypoalbuminemia, inflammation, and innate- and cell-mediated immunities -- Endocrine responses to acidemia -- Renal hypertrophy -- What is the benefit of the catabolic response to metabolic acidosis? -- Theories of subclinical acidemia, acid stress, or eubicarbonatemic metabolic acidosis -- Estimated net endogenous acid production and the potential renal acid load -- Clinical implications for calcium and bone -- Clinical implications for protein nutrition, muscle function, and mortality -- Treating metabolic acidosis -- References -- 11 The gut microbiome and the kidney -- Case vignette -- Introduction to the gut microbiome -- The Gut Microbiome, Dysbiosis, and CKD -- Microbiota and the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier -- Dysbiosis and CKD -- CKD and the gut barrier function -- Uremic toxins and CKD. , Indoxyl sulfate -- p-Cresol sulfate -- Trimethylamine N-oxide -- Endotoxin -- Short-chain fatty acids -- Gut microbiome and hypertension -- Targeted interventions to treat dysbiosis in CKD/ESRD -- Prebiotics -- Probiotics -- Symbiotics -- Other therapies -- Dietary modifications and fecal transplantation -- Microbiome engineering -- Conclusion and future directions -- References -- II. Treatment of altered metabolism in chronic kidney disease -- 12 Assessment and risk factors for protein-energy wasting and frailty in chronic kidney disease -- Introduction -- Assessment for protein-energy wasting -- Diagnosis of protein-energy wasting -- Serum biochemical markers of nutrition -- Serum albumin -- Serum prealbumin (transthyretin) -- Normalized protein catabolic rate or normalized protein nitrogen appearance -- Serum cholesterol -- Body mass -- Body mass index -- Total body fat percentage -- Muscle mass -- Serum creatinine -- Midarm muscle circumference -- Bioelectrical impedance analysis -- Computed tomography scan -- Dietary intake -- Dietary protein intake -- Dietary energy intake -- Comprehensive nutritional assessment -- Composite nutritional indices -- Screening for protein-energy wasting -- Assessment tools for PEW -- Subjective Global Assessment of nutrition -- Malnutrition-inflammation score -- Assessment for frailty -- Diagnosis of frailty -- Fried phenotype model of frailty -- Shrinking -- Weakness -- Poor endurance and energy -- Slowness -- Low physical activity level -- Cumulative deficit model of frailty or the frailty index -- Clinical Frailty Scale -- Screening for frailty -- Treatment of frailty -- Risk factors of protein-energy wasting and frailty -- Risk factors of protein-energy wasting -- Increased loss of protein or energy -- Chronic kidney disease-related factors -- Increased protein loss -- Increased proteolysis. , Increased protein or energy utilization.

Language: English