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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Productivity Growth, Capital Accumulation, and the Banking Sector : Some Lessons from Malaysia (1999)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958094632402883
    Format: 1 online resource (26 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: How did the East Asian miracle turn into one of the worst financial crises of the century? A case study of Malaysia provides some answers; How did the East Asian miracle turn into one of the worst financial crises of the century? Ghani and Suri address the question using Malaysia as a case study. Many discussions of the East Asian crisis address proximate and short-run causes of the crisis, such as the current account deficit, exchange rate misalignment, and disproportionate short-run external debt relative to foreign exchange reserves. These indicators of vulnerability are themselves endogenous outcomes of deeper institutional features. Ghani and Suri argue that some long-term features of the development strategy that helped sustain high growth in the first place also contributed to the economy's increasing vulnerability. High output growth was driven by rapid growth in capital stock, for example. The banking sector played a critical role in transforming (and accelerating the transformation of) large savings into capital accumulation. But the banking sector may not have been allocating capital efficiently. Ghani and Suri find that the rapid growth in bank lending in Malaysia is negatively associated with total factor productivity growth. On the other hand, the economy's other structural strengths, such as openness to foreign direct investment and technology, helped improve productivity growth. Malaysia's exceptional growth record over the past quarter century was driven largely by the growth in physical capital stock. Total factor productivity growth may have slowed in the late 1990s, and sustaining high output growth will require greater emphasis on productivity improvements. Policies that encouraged the flow of foreign direct investment and better access to imported capital goods contributed to productivity growth. But rapid growth in bank lending relative to GDP may have slowed it. How policymakers can best slow the growth of credit is a question that remains unanswered. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to better understand past and future sources of growth. The authors may be contacted at eghani@worldbank.org or vsuri@worldbank.org.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2252
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is Ethiopia's debt sustainable? / (1995)
    Washington, D.C. :World Bank, Eastern Africa Dept., Country Operations Division,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958099042802883
    Format: 14 pages : , illustrations ; , 28 cm.
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper ; 1525
    Note: "October 1995"--Cover.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade policy reform, efficiency, and growth / (1995)
    Washington, D.C. :World Bank, Eastern Africa Dept., Country Operations Division and Operations Evaluation Dept., Country Policy, Industry, and Finance Division,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958087603502883
    Format: 17 pages : , illustrations ; , 28 cm.
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper ; 1438
    Note: "March 1995"--Cover.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Will Market Competition Trump Gender Discrimination in India? / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143915502883
    Format: 1 online resource (80 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Empowering women to engage in productive employment is not only critical to achieving gender equality but also critical for economic growth and poverty reduction. This paper studies the pattern of female activity and gender segmentation in the Indian manufacturing and services sectors. Although the share of women entrepreneurs and employees is larger in manufacturing than in services, segmentation based on gender is pervasive in both sectors. Theory, dating back to Gary Becker, suggests that competitive reforms should reduce the extent of this segregation. In spite of competition-inducing reforms such as investment in Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) highways, trade liberalization and domestic reforms that India undertook since the turn of the century, this pattern of gender based segmentation has not subsided over the years. Specifically, investments in GQ upgrades are found to have 0 effects on female activity and gender segmentation. Although there is some evidence of a negative correlation between segmentation among male employees and industry level trade liberalization reforms, overall it had a very limited impact on female participation in labor force and in reducing segmentation among female employees. Finally, domestic reforms that dismantled product reservations for small-scale industries induced greater participation among women in economic activity and are correlated with a modest decline in segmentation among male employees. Segregation among female employees is positively associated with these reforms.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7814
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial Dynamics of Electricity Usage in India / (2014)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143956102883
    Format: 1 online resource (66 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: India's manufacturing sector has undergone many spatial adjustments since 1989, including, for example, the organized sector's migration to rural locations, the powerful rise of informal manufacturing within cities, and the development of intermediate cities for manufacturing. This paper investigates the impact of these spatial adjustments for electricity usage in India's manufacturing sector. Striking spatial differences in energy usage exist, and whether spatial adjustments exacerbate or alleviate energy consumption strains is important for issues ranging from reducing India's power blackouts to stemming rising pollution levels. Using detailed surveys for the organized and unorganized sectors, the analysis finds that electricity usage per unit of output in urban plants declined steadily during 1989-2010. In the rural areas, by contrast, electricity consumption per unit of output for organized sector plants peaked in 2000 and thereafter declined. Decomposing the observed trends in aggregate electricity usage from 2000 onwards, the paper finds that most reductions in electricity usage per unit of output came from reductions in existing sites of activity (defined through state-industry-urban/rural cells). The second biggest factor leading to reduced usage was lower usage in fast-growing sectors. By contrast, spatial movements of manufacturing activity across India did not significantly change usage levels and may have even increased them. This appears to have been in part because of the split nature of the mobility, with organized and unorganized sectors migrating in opposite directions.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7055
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urbanization and (In)Formalization / (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246408302883
    Format: 1 online resource (29 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Two of the great stylized predictions of development theory, and two of the great expectations of policy makers as indicators of progress in development, are inexorable urbanization and inexorable formalization. Urbanization is indeed happening, beyond the "tipping point" where half the world's population is now urban. However, formalization has slowed down significantly in the past quarter century. Indeed, informality has been increasing. This disconnect raises a number of questions for development analysis and development policy. Is the link between urbanization and formalization more complex than what had been thought? What does this mean for policy? The first core section of this paper asks what exactly is meant by formality and informality. The second core section turns to processes of urbanization and asks how these processes intersect with and interact with the incentives to formalize. The paper examines why cities attract the informal sector and the role that urbanization plays in growth and job creation through both the formal and informal sectors. Cities generate agglomeration benefits in the informal sector, perhaps more so than for the formal sector. The third core section is devoted to policy. At the current conjuncture, agglomeration benefits make a strong case for urbanization as an integral part of development strategy, but concerns about jobless growth and about urban poverty require a focus on the informal sector.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6374
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? : Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship (2012)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246422302883
    Format: 1 online resource (41 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Despite rapid economic growth, gender disparities in women's economic participation have remained deep and persistent in India. What explains these huge gender disparities? Is it poor infrastructure, limited education, and gender composition of the labor force and industries? Or is it deficiencies in social and business networks and a low share of incumbent female entrepreneurs? This paper analyzes the spatial determinants of female entrepreneurship in India in the manufacturing and services sectors. Good infrastructure and education predict higher female entry shares. There are strong agglomeration economies in both manufacturing and services, where higher female ownership among incumbent businesses within a district-industry predicts a greater share of subsequent entrepreneurs will be female. Moreover, higher female ownership of local businesses in related industries (similar labor needs, input-output markets) predicts greater relative female entry rates. Gender networks thus clearly matter for women's economic participation. However, there is a need to develop a better understanding of how gender networks influence aggregate efficiency. There is no doubt that gender empowerment can be the escalator to realizing human potential and for creating a robust platform for growth and job creation.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6228
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regional Diversity and Inclusive Growth in Indian Cities / (2014)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246554902883
    Format: 1 online resource (49 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper examines the employment growth of Indian districts from 2000 to 2010 in the manufacturing and services sectors. Specialization and diversity metrics that combine industries in both sectors are calculated and related to subsequent job growth. The analysis finds robust and consistent evidence that the diversity of industries in the district across the two sectors links to subsequent job growth. Somewhat surprisingly, this link finds its strongest expression outside typical stories about the role of diversity. For example, the growth is strongest in rural areas of districts and in districts with low population density. Diversity correlates with disproportionately higher employment growth in the informal sector and plays a role in generating employment in the district's smaller industries. These findings point toward the "inclusive" nature of diversity-driven growth and highlight a potentially important agenda item for policy makers concerned with inclusive development.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6919
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Friend or Foe or Family? : A Tale of Formal and Informal Plants in India (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246587102883
    Format: 1 online resource (69 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper examines the interaction between formal (organized) and informal (unorganized) plants in the manufacturing sector in India. How has the size and productivity of the plants in the organized sector affected the plants in the unorganized sector? How have informal plants affected formal plants? Are the magnitudes of the effects symmetric in either direction? The evidence shows that there are positive horizontal and vertical spillovers in each direction. Informal firms are an important supplier of inputs to formal firms. Employment and output in the organized sector is greater in those states in India that have a greater presence of unorganized suppliers of inputs. Conversely, unorganized employment and output are greater in states that have a greater presence of organized buyers of inputs. But there are two important asymmetries in the relationship between the organized and unorganized sectors. First, the unorganized sector is much more dependent on and responsive to organized sector presence than vice versa. Second, unorganized sector productivity is dependent on and responsive to organized sector productivity and presence but the reverse is not true.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6588
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial Development and Agglomeration Economies in Services-Lessons from India / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143919002883
    Format: 1 online resource (88 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Although many studies consider the spatial pattern of manufacturing plants in developing countries, the role of services as a driver of urbanization and structural transformation is still not well understood. Using establishment level data from India, this paper helps narrow this gap by comparing and contrasting the spatial development of services with that in manufacturing. The study during the 2001-2010 period suggests that (i) services are more urbanized than manufacturing and are moving toward the urban and, by contrast, the organized manufacturing sector is moving away from urban cores to the rural periphery; (ii) manufacturing and services activities are highly correlated in spatial terms and exhibit a high degree of concentration in just a few states and industries; (iii) manufacturing in urban districts has a stronger tendency to locate closer to larger cities relative to services activity; (iv) infrastructure has a significant effect on manufacturing output, while human capital matters more for services activity; and lastly, (v) technology penetration, measured by the penetration of the Internet, is more strongly associated with services than manufacturing. Similar results hold when growth in activity is measured over the study period rather than levels. Manufacturing and services do not appear to crowd each other out of local areas.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7741
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