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  • 1
    UID:
    almafu_9958099256202883
    Format: 1 online resource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper measures the extent to which firms in developing countries are the target of bribes. Using new firm-level survey data from 33 African and Latin American countries, we first show that perceptions adjust slowly to firms' experience with corrupt officials and hence are an imperfect proxy for the true incidence of graft. We then construct an experience-based index that reflects the probability that a firm will be asked for a bribe in order to complete a specified set of business transactions. On average, African firms are three times as likely to be asked for bribes as are firms in Latin America, although there is substantial variation within each region. Last, we show that graft appears to be more prevalent in countries with excessive regulation and where democracy is weak. In particular, our results suggest that the incidence of graft in Africa would fall by approximately 85 percent if countries in the region had levels of democracy and regulation similar to those that exist in Latin America.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    UID:
    almafu_9958062364302883
    Format: 1 online resource (42 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper investigates who is most affected by informal competition and how regulation and enforcement affect the extent and nature of this competition. Using newly-collected enterprise data for 6,466 manufacturing formal firms across 14 countries in Latin America, the authors show that formal firms affected by head-to-head competition with informal firms largely resemble them. They are small credit constrained, underutilize their productive capacity, serve smaller customers, and are in markets with low entry costs. In countries where the government is effective and business regulations onerous, formal firms in industries characterized by low costs to entry feel the sting of informal competition more than in other business environments. Finally, the analysis finds that in an economy with relatively onerous tax regulations and a government that poorly enforces its tax code, the percentage of firms adversely affected by informal competition will be reduced from 38.8 to 37.7 percent when the government increases enforcement to cover all firms.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    UID:
    almafu_9958143908102883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The impact of business regulations on firms could depend on how the regulations are enforced in practice. Exploiting variation in enforcement capacity across the Russian Federation's administrative regions, this paper examines whether the enforcement of restrictive regulations on hiring and firing workers affects how firms adjust employment during industry upswings and downswings. The analysis finds that the extent to which firms adjust employment upward during industry upswings and downward during downswings is smaller in regions with stronger enforcement capacity (or stricter de facto employment protection). The effect of enforcement is sizable: for example, increasing enforcement capacity from the 25th to the 75th percentile dampens employment adjustment in a downswing by 34 percent. Thus, although restrictive regulation on hiring and firing reduces the ability of firms to adjust employment, the extent to which it does so depends on enforcement.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271030
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Sierra Leone is a relatively small economy with potential for jobs-rich growth. It is an extremely poor nation with substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources. Nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. Alluvial diamond mining remains the major source of hard currency earnings, accounting for nearly half of exports. However, the anticipated job-rich recovery is unlikely to be realized simply from the continued exploitation of the minerals underneath Sierra Leonean soil. This Jobs Diagnostic of Sierra Leone is a first, modest, but necessary, step to formulate that focused effort to create good jobs. It provides a better understanding of the job creation performance of the economy. It identifies the major problems that hold back the economy from creating good, formal-sector jobs that will lift people out of poverty and get them on the road to upward mobility. The Jobs Diagnostic begins with a look at the jobs creation performance of the economy. It then provides an examination of the labor supply-the state of the present and future workers and entrepreneurs. Finally, this diagnostic looks at job performance of firms-the potential employers and job creators
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048266033
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Content: The need for economic diversification receives a great deal of attention in Russia. This paper looks at a way to improve it that is essential but largely ignored: how to help diversifying firms better survive economic cycles. By definition, economic diversification means doing new things in new sectors and/or in new markets. The fate of emerging firms, therefore, should be of great concern to policy makers. This paper indicates that the ups and downs-the volatility-of Russian economic growth are key to that fate. Volatility of growth is higher in Russia than in comparable economies because its slumps are both longer and deeper. They go beyond the cleansing effects of eliminating the least efficient firms; relatively efficient ones get swept away as well. In fact, an incumbency advantage improves a firm's chances of weathering the ups and downs of the economy, regardless of a firm's relative efficiency. Finally, firms in sectors where competition is less intense are less likely to exit the market, regardless of their relative efficiency. Two policy conclusions emerge from these findings-one macroeconomic and one microeconomic. First, the importance of countercyclical policies is heightened to include efficiency elements. Second, strengthening competition and other factors that support the survival of new, emerging and efficient firms will promote economic diversification. Efforts to help small and medium enterprises may be better spent on removing the obstacles that young, infant firms face as they attempt to enter, survive and grow
    Additional Edition: González, Alvaro S Russian Volatility
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    UID:
    almahu_9948017616902882
    Format: XII, 623 p. 301 illus., 260 illus. in color. , online resource.
    ISBN: 9783030052041
    Series Statement: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence ; 11357
    Content: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Social Robotics, ICSR 2018, held in Qingdao, China, in November 2018. The 60 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 79 submissions. The theme of the 2018 conference is: Social Robotics and AI. In addition to the technical sessions, ICSR 2018 included 2 workshops: Smart Sensing Systems: Towards Safe Navigation and Social Human-Robot Interaction of Service Robots.
    Note: Online Learning of Human Navigational Intentions -- Autonomous Assistance Control based on Inattention of the Driver when Driving a Truck Tract -- The Robotic Archetype: Character Animation and Social Robotics -- A proposed Wizard of OZ architecture for a Human-Robot Collaborative drawing task -- Factors and Development of Cognitive and Affective Trust on Social Robots -- Smiles of Children with ASD May Facilitate Helping Behaviors to the Robot -- If drones could see: investigating evaluations of a drone with eyes -- Validation of the Design of a Robot to Study the Thermo-Emotional Expression -- Training Autistic Children on Joint Attention Skills with a Robot -- Robotic Understanding of Scene Contents and Spatial Constraints -- Social Robots and Wearable Sensors for Mitigating Meltdowns in Autism - A Pilot Test -- Autonomous Control through the Level of Fatigue Applied to the Control of Autonomous Vehicles -- Dialogue Models for Socially Intelligent Robots -- Composable Multimodal Dialogues based on Communicative Acts -- How Should a Robot Interrupt a Conversation between Multiple Humans -- Grasping novel objects with real-time obstacle avoidance -- Augmenting Robot Knowledge Consultants with Distributed Short Term Memory -- 3D Virtual Path Planning for People with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis through Standing Wheelchair -- Physiological differences depending on task performed in a 5-day interaction scenario designed for the elderly: a pilot study -- Character Design and Validation on Aerial Robotic Platforms Using Laban Movement Analysis -- Social Robots in Public Spaces: A Meta-Review -- On the Design of a Full-actuated Robot Hand with Target Sensing Self-adaption and Slider Crank Mechanism -- Towards Dialogue-based Navigation with Multivariate Adaptation driven by Intention and Politeness for Social Robots -- Design and Implementation of Shoulder Exoskeleton Robot -- Cooperative Control of Sliding Mode for Multi-Mobile Manipulators -- When Should a Robot Apologize? Understanding how Timing Affects Human-Robot Trust Repair -- “Let There be Intelligence!”- A Novel Cognitive Architecture for Teaching Assistant Social Robots -- Virtual Social Toys: A Novel Concept to Bring Inanimate Dolls to Life -- Modular Robotic System for Nuclear Decommissioning -- A new model to enhance robot-patient communication: Applying insights from the medical world -- Towards Crossmodal Learning for SmoothMultimodal Attention Orientation -- A Two-step Framework for Novelty Detection in Activities of Daily Living -- Design of Robotic System for the Mannequin-Based Disinfection Training -- Learning to Win Games in a Few Examples: Using Game-Theory and Demonstrations to Learn the Win Conditions of a Connect Four Game -- Semantics Comprehension of Entities in Dictionary Corpora for Robot Scene Understanding -- The CPS-triangle: a suggested framework for evaluating robots in relation to everyday life -- Feature-based Monocular Dynamic 3D Object Reconstruction -- Adaptive Control of Human-interacted Mobile Robots with Velocity Constraint -- Attributing human-likeness to an avatar: the role of time and space in the perception of biological motion -- Dancing Droids: An Expressive Layer for Mobile Robots Developed Within Choreographic Practice -- Semantic-based interaction for teaching robot behavior compositions using spoken language -- Comfortable Passing Distances for Robots -- Reduced Sense of Agency in Human-Robot interaction -- Comparing the Effects of Social Robots and Virtual Agents on Exercising Motivation -- The Relevance of Social Cues in Assistive Training with a Social Robot -- Attitudes of Heads of Education and Directors of Research towards the Need for Social Robotics Education in Universities -- Coordinated and Cooperative Control of Heterogeneous Mobile Manipulators -- Robotic Healthcare Service System to Serve Multiple Patients with Multiple Robots -- Perception of Control in Artificial and Human Systems: A Study of Embodied Performance Interactions -- A Robotic Brush with Surface Tracing Motion Applied to the Face -- MagicHand: In-Hand Perception of Object Characteristics for Dexterous Manipulation -- Robots and Human Touch in Care: Desirable and Non-Desirable Robot Assistance -- The Effects of Gaze Following Behaviours of Driving Agents on Human-Autonomous Car Interaction -- Virtual Reality Social Robot Platform: A Case Study on Arash Social Robot -- Novel Siamese Robot Platform for Multi-Human Robot Interaction -- An Attention-aware Model for Human Action Recognition on Tree-based Skeleton Sequences -- Predicting the Target in Human-Robot Manipulation Tasks -- Imitating Human Movement Using a Measure of Verticality to Animate Low Degree-of-Freedom Non-humanoid Virtual Characters -- Adaptive Neural Control for Robotic Manipulators Under Constrained Task Space -- Multi-pose face registration method for social robot.
    In: Springer eBooks
    Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783030052034
    Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783030052058
    Language: English
    Subjects: Computer Science , Psychology , Sociology
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 7
    UID:
    almafu_9959086807702883
    Format: 1 online resource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: With an estimated 724 million extreme poor people living in developing countries, and the world's demographics bifurcating into an older North and a younger South, there are substantial economic incentives and benefits for people to migrate. There are also important market and regulatory failures that constrain mobility and reduce the net benefits of migration. This paper reviews the recent literature and proposes a conceptual framework for better integration and coordination of policies that can address the different market and regulatory failures. The paper advances five types of interventions in need of particular attention in design, implementation, and evaluation; namely, (1) active labor market programs that serve local, regional, and foreign markets; (2) remittances and investment subsidies to promote job creation and labor productivity growth; (3) social insurance programs that cover all jobs and facilitate labor mobility; (4) labor taxes to internalize the social costs of migration in receiving regions; and (5) more flexible private sector driven schemes to regulate the flow of migrants and minimize irregular migration.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 8
    UID:
    almafu_9958373678402883
    Format: 1 online resource (45 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper develops the following price indicators to measure the relative efficiency (functioning) of markets: (a) price dispersion, (b) price volatility, and (c) price transmission (speed, completeness, and symmetry). The paper uses these indicators to study trends and conditions of the outlet level in retail prices for common commodities sold throughout Mexico. The analysis examines price patterns for each indicator across commodities, regions, and time. The descriptive results indicate that although there is (expected) heterogeneity in the behavior of these indicators across commodities, location variables explain the most variation in the indicators. There are clear and persistent regional- and commodity-specific effects. Thus, the study concludes that Mexico is not one, well-integrated national market. The study tested whether changes in these indicators (increased efficiency) have the expected correlation with measures affecting the functioning of markets. It considered changes in competition and entry of large retail stores in the local retail market. These changes affect market efficiency in the way theory would predict. The results suggest that these indicators are good measures of the relative efficiency (functioning) of markets. The findings also suggest that efforts to monitor markets using these indicators may be useful. For example, for policy makers who are concerned about the distributional effects of liberalizing trade, the indicators may predict where price impacts will be felt the most and by whom. In addition, the indicators provide preliminary information about relative competition levels, which may be helpful in saving the time and effort of the competition authorities and possibly making them more effective.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048270980
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: The economy of the Democratic Republic of Congo is not creating sufficient jobs for its young and rapidly growing workforce. Although the Congolese economy has experienced fast growth and poverty has declined, further reducing poverty will require more dynamic job creation and continued reductions in fertility rates. The current youth bulge and potential demographic dividend will open a unique window of opportunity but will demand faster job creation. The challenge is not limited to reducing unemployment, but includes tackling inactivity and rampant underemployment. Possible avenues to address labor market shortcomings include removing obstacles and resolving market failures for firms to grow, integrating agribusinesses into value chains, facilitating urbanization, and focusing on skills, not just schooling. At the same time, a focus on productivity growth could strengthen its link to employment creation. The report, Democratic Republic of Congo: jobs diagnostic, analyzes the main challenges - at the macro, firm, and household levels - that the country faces in creating jobs. It also outlines the main obstacles to creating more and better jobs that are more inclusive of women and youth
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 10
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048272500
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: With an estimated 724 million extreme poor people living in developing countries, and the world's demographics bifurcating into an older north and a younger south, there are substantial economic incentives and benefits for people to migrate. There are also important market and regulatory failures that constrain mobility and reduce the net benefits of migration. This paper reviews the recent literature and proposes a conceptual framework to better integrate and coordinate policies for addressing the different market and regulatory failures. The paper advances five types of interventions in need of particular attention in terms of design, implementation and evaluation; namely, 1) active labor market programs that serve local, regional and foreign markets; 2) remittances and investment subsidies to promote job creation and labor productivity growth; 3) social insurance programs that cover all jobs and facilitate labor mobility; 4) labor taxes to internalize the social costs of migration in receiving regions; and 5) more flexible, private sector driven schemes to regulate the flow of migrants and minimize irregular migration
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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