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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Atmospheric Stabilization of CO2 Emissions : Near-Term Reductions and Intensity-Based Targets (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almahu_9948589696302882
    Format: 1 online resource (37 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study analyzes CO2 emissions reduction targets for various countries and geopolitical regions by the year 2030 in order to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at the level of 450 ppm (550 ppm including non CO2 greenhouse gases). It also determines CO2 intensity cuts that would be needed in those countries and regions if the emission reductions were achieved through intensity-based targets while assuming no effect on forecasted economic growth. Considering that the stabilization of CO2 concentrations at 450 ppm requires the global trend of CO2 emissions to reverse before 2030, this study develops two scenarios: reversing the global CO2 trend in (i) 2020 and (ii) 2025. The study shows that global CO2 emissions would be 42 percent above the 1990 level in 2030 if the increasing trend of global CO2 emissions is reversed by 2020. If reversing the trend is delayed by 5 years, the 2030 global CO2 emissions would be 52 percent higher than the 1990 level. The study also finds that to achieve these targets while maintaining assumed economic growth, the global average CO2 intensity would require a 68 percent drop from the 1990 level or a 60 percent drop from the 2004 level by 2030.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4352
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
    Open Access Request
    HU Berlin
    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol / (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958109642802883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper analyzes the economic and environmental consequences of a potential demand side management program in Thailand using a general equilibrium model. The program considers replacement of less efficient electrical appliances in the household sector with more efficient counterparts. The study further examines changes in the economic and environmental effects of the program if it is implemented under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which provides carbon subsidies to the program. The study finds that the demand side management program would increase economic welfare if the ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is 0.4 or lower even in the absence of the clean development mechanism. If the program's ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is greater than 0.4, registration of the program under the clean development mechanism would be needed to achieve positive welfare impacts. The level of welfare impacts would, however, depend on the price of carbon credits the program generates. For a given level of welfare impacts, the registration of the demand side management program under the clean development mechanism would increase the volume of emission reductions.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4563
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
    Open Access Request
    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of Revenue Recycling Schemes in Environmental Tax Selection : A General Equilibrium Analysis (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958099257202883
    Format: 1 online resource (52 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study examines the roles of revenue recycling schemes for the selection of alternative tax instruments (i.e., carbon-, sulphur-, energy- and output-tax) to reduce CO2 emissions to a specified level in Thailand. A static, single period, multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Thai economy has been developed for this purpose. This study finds that the selection of a tax instrument to reduce CO2 emissions would be significantly influenced by the scheme to recycle the tax revenue to the economy. If the tax revenue is recycled to finance cuts in the existing labour or indirect tax rates, carbon tax would be more efficient than the sulphur-, energy- and output-taxes to reduce CO2 emissions. On the other hand, if the tax revenue is recycled to households through a lump-sum transfer, sulphur and carbon taxes would be more efficient than energy and output taxes. The ranking between the sulphur and carbon taxes under the lump sum transfer scheme depends on substitution possibility of fossil fuels. Sulphur tax is found superior over carbon tax at the higher substitution possibility between fossil fuels; the reverse is found true at the lower substitution possibility. In all schemes of revenue recycling considered, the output tax is found to be the most costly (i.e., in welfare terms) despite the fact that it generates two to three times higher revenue than the other tax instruments.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4388
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
    Open Access Request
    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy Instruments for Reducing Congestion and Atmospheric Emissions in the Transport Sector : A Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958097418702883
    Format: 1 online resource (44 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4652
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
    Open Access Request
    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Second-generation biofuels : economics and policies (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246200902883
    Format: 1 online resource (57 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Recent increases in production of crop-based (or first-generation) biofuels have engendered increasing concerns over potential conflicts with food supplies and land protection, as well as disputes over greenhouse gas reductions. This has heightened a sense of urgency around the development of biofuels produced from non-food biomass (second-generation biofuels). This study reviews the economic potential and environmental implications of production of second-generation biofuels from a variety of various feedstocks. Although second-generation biofuels could significantly contribute to the future energy supply mix, cost is a major barrier to increasing commercial production in the near to medium term. Depending on various factors, the cost of second-generation (cellulosic) ethanol can be two to three times as high as the current price of gasoline on an energy equivalent basis. The cost of biodiesel produced from microalgae, a prospective feedstock, is many times higher than the current price of diesel. Policy instruments for increasing biofuels use, such as fiscal incentives, should be based on the relative merits of different types of biofuels.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5406
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Solar Energy : Markets, Economics and Policies (2011)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246460002883
    Format: 1 online resource (51 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Solar energy has experienced phenomenal growth in recent years due to both technological improvements resulting in cost reductions and government policies supportive of renewable energy development and utilization. This study analyzes the technical, economic and policy aspects of solar energy development and deployment. While the cost of solar energy has declined rapidly in the recent past, it still remains much higher than the cost of conventional energy technologies. Like other renewable energy technologies, solar energy benefits from fiscal and regulatory incentives and mandates, including tax credits and exemptions, feed-in-tariff, preferential interest rates, renewable portfolio standards and voluntary green power programs in many countries. Potential expansion of carbon credit markets also would provide additional incentives to solar energy deployment; however, the scale of incentives provided by the existing carbon market instruments, such as the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, is limited. Despite the huge technical potential, development and large-scale, market-driven deployment of solar energy technologies world-wide still has to overcome a number of technical and financial barriers. Unless these barriers are overcome, maintaining and increasing electricity supplies from solar energy will require continuation of potentially costly policy supports.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5845
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Much Could South Asia Benefit from Regional Electricity Cooperation and Trade? / (2015)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246512002883
    Format: 1 online resource (43 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The South Asia region is lagging behind many regions in the world in regional electricity cooperation and trading, despite the huge anticipated benefits. This study uses an electricity planning model that produces optimal expansion of electricity generation capacities and transmission interconnections in the long-term to quantify the benefits of unrestricted cross-border electricity trade in the South Asia during 2015-40. The study finds that the unrestricted electricity trade provision would save USD 226 billion (USD 9 billion per year) of electricity supply costs over the period. The ratio of the present value of benefits, in the form of reduction of fuel costs, to the present value of increased costs due to generation and interconnection would be 5.3. The provision would reduce regional power sector carbon dioxide emissions by 8 percent, mainly because of substitution of coal-based generation with hydro-based generation, although regional emissions would be well above current levels absent other policy interventions. To achieve these benefits, the region is estimated to add 95,000 megawatts of new cross-border transmission interconnection capacity.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7341
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Economic Viability of Jatropha Biodiesel in Nepal / (2015)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246516402883
    Format: 1 online resource (34 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Nepal depends entirely on imports for meeting its demand for petroleum products, which account for the largest share in total import volume. Diesel is the main petroleum product consumed in the country and accounts for 38 percent of the total national CO2 emissions from fuel consumption. There is a general perception that the country would economically benefit if part of imported diesel is substituted with domestically produced jatropha-based biodiesel. This study finds that the economics of jatropha-based biodiesel depend on several factors, such as diesel price, yield of jatropha seeds per hectare, and availability of markets for production byproducts, such as glycerol and jatropha cake. Under the scenarios considered, jatropha biodiesel is unlikely to be economically competitive in Nepal unless seed yields per hectare are implausibly large and high returns can be obtained from byproduct markets that do not yet exist. In the absence of byproduct markets, even earnings from a carbon credit do not help jatropha biodiesel to compete with diesel unless the credit value exceeds USD 50/tCO2 (which is well above current values) and jatropha seed yield is at or above the midrange of the scenarios considered. Declines in diesel prices from the levels observed in 2009-13 only compound the economic competitiveness issue.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7295
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation : A CGE Analysis Incorporating Land-use Change (2011)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246476402883
    Format: 1 online resource (29 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The question of whether biofuels help mitigate climate change has attracted much debate in the literature. Using a global computable general equilibrium model that explicitly represents land-use change impacts due to the expansion of biofuels, this study attempts to shed some light on this question. The study shows that if biofuel mandates and targets currently announced by more than 40 countries around the world are implemented by 2020 using crop feedstocks, and if both forests and pasture lands are used to meet the new land demands for biofuel expansion, this would cause a net increase of greenhouse gas emissions released to the atmosphere until 2043, since the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions released through land-use change would exceed the reduction of emissions due to replacement of gasoline and diesel until then. However, if the use of forest lands is avoided by channeling only pasture lands to meet the demand for new lands, a net increase of cumulative greenhouse gas emissions would occur but would cease by 2021, only a year after the assumed full implementation of the mandates and targets. The study also shows, contrary to common perceptions, that the rate of deforestation does not increase with the rate of biofuel expansion; instead, the marginal rate of deforestation and corresponding land-use emissions decrease even if the production of biofuels increases.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5672
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Nexus of Energy Supply and Human Health / (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958264316202883
    Format: 1 online resource (42 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Uses of main primary energy resources, such as coal, oil, and solid biomass, are directly linked with adverse impacts on human health. Air pollution emitted from various activities in the energy supply chains is the main risk factor to human health, along with accidental and occupational risk exposures. Estimates of premature deaths are over four million per year for ambient air pollution (2015) and household or indoor air pollution (2012). More than 80 percent of the mortality from ambient air pollution emitted from the energy supply chains occurs in developing countries. The impact of household air pollution, mainly from traditional biomass used for cooking and space heating, disproportionately falls on women and children under age five years. Acute respiratory infections, mainly caused by household air pollution, are one of the largest categories of deaths (64 percent) of children under age five years in developing countries. These statistics indicate the deep nexus between the energy supply chain and human health. Yet, the negative implications for human health from energy use often receive inadequate consideration. It is critically important to take account of these human health impacts in developing energy supply plans and energy policies in developing countries.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8129
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
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