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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Preschool Availability and Female Labor Force Participation : Evidence from Indonesia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048270993
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Female labor force participation (FLFP) in Indonesia lags behind other countries in the region and has remained more or less unchanged since 1990. Descriptive evidence by the same authors points to unmet childcare needs as one constraint on FLFP. In this paper, we provide the first estimates of the impact of childcare availability on FLFP in Indonesia. Our findings suggest that access to public preschools leads to higher employment of mothers of age-eligible children, but access to private preschool does not. Specifically, an additional public preschool per 1,000 children raises employment of mothers of age-eligible children by 6.9 percentage points. This represents a 13.3 percent improvement from the average work participation at 52 percent
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/29395
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Lessons on Social Protection (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079374
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Content: Several circumstances make women more vulnerable to economic shocks than men. Women are more likely than men to be out of the labor force due to care responsibilities. When they work, women are more likely to have low-paying jobs in the informal sector. Moreover, women have lower access to financial services and other strategies to mitigate shocks. Social protection systems can enable women to cope with and adapt to economic shocks. In particular, adaptive social protection systems can help identify the differential needs of women to prepare support mechanisms and build the resilience of poor and vulnerable households before, during, and after large shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic occur. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence around the world to understand what works, and what does not, in supporting women with social protection interventions. This note presents evidence on four key findings based on impact evaluations
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39433
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Lessons on Women's Land Titling (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079376
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Content: Land is a key productive asset for rural households. Property rights play a critical role in determining who can own and access this fundamental resource. More than 70 percent of women across 53 developing countries do not own any land. Customary norms confer disproportionately weaker land rights to women, feeding into a cycle that limits their access to credit and other economic opportunities. Empowering women through stronger land rights can play a central role in the process of economic development. However, overturning existing cultural norms and power structures in the context of traditional (patriarchal) customary land tenure systems can be challenging. There are also concerns that such policy efforts could formalize, even exacerbate, existing gender gaps in land rights. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence around the world to understand what works, and what does not, in increasing access to land titles for women and its effects on women's empowerment. This note presents evidence on three key findings
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39431
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Lessons on Access to and Uptake of Childcare Services (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079378
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Content: Unpaid care work and the lack of access to affordable child care constitute key barriers to women's participation in labor markets. The International Labour Organization estimates that, in 2018, 647 million working-age adults were hindered from entering the workforce due to family responsibilities-94 percent of whom were women. In that year, women's unpaid care work amounted to three-quarters of total unpaid care work, with an estimated value of 9 precent of global GDP. A pilot study by the MNA GIL in Egypt finds that, on average, mothers spent 11 hours per day on childcare and seven hours per day doing household chores. The EAP GIL reviewed causal evidence on the effects of childcare interventions on maternal labor market engagement in low and middle-income countries and found positive impacts for 21 out of the 22 studies considered
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39429
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Lessons on Improving Education Outcomes (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079375
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Content: Significant progress has been made in closing gender gaps in primary and secondary enrollment rates worldwide. However, girls still have lower expected years of schooling than boys in some regions, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and boys have worse educational outcomes than girls in other countries, most notably in Latin America and the Caribbean. Barriers to the continuation of schooling for girls are linked to child marriage, early pregnancies, sexual harassment, and social norms around girls' education. The COVID-19 pandemic has also impacted schooling of both girls and boys. The transition to remote learning hurt girls who often have fewer technical skills and less access to the internet than boys.3 In other cases, boys had higher economic opportunities than girls and were more likely to drop out from school in response to the economic stress generated by the pandemic.4 The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence around the world to understand what works, and what does not, in narrowing gender gaps in education. This note presents evidence on three key findings
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39432
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Lessons on Agriculture (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079377
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Content: Gender productivity gaps in agriculture are large around the world, even though women comprise 40-50 percent of the agricultural labor force in developing countries. Gender differences in agricultural productivity can be as high as 66 percent and can cost countries up to USD 105 million annually. Women farmers tend to produce lower output per unit of land than men farmers because of gender-specific constraints, such as unequal access to farm labor, agricultural inputs, lower literacy, childcare responsibilities, limited involvement in cash crop production, and lower participation in farmers' groups. Women farmers are concentrated in the lower levels of agricultural value chains and are less likely to be active in commercial farming than men. Restrictive gender norms underlie occupational sex segregation in agriculture, leading women to concentrate in low-value crops. Research by the Africa GIL indicates that when women manage cash crop plots-and have access to the same inputs and resources as men-they are able to be as productive as their male counterparts. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence around the world to understand what works, and what does not, in narrowing gender productivity gaps and helping farmers reach their potential. This note presents evidence on three key findings based on impact evaluations
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39430
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Lessons on Supporting Women Entrepreneurs (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079379
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Content: Entrepreneurship can be a pathway to employment and economic empowerment for women. Over half of the women in developing countries are or aspire to be entrepreneurs, but most of them run subsistence oriented micro-businesses that are not seen as key drivers of innovation and growth. Among formal firms, the share of women-led businesses decreases as the size of the firm increases. Multiple factors-including lack of skills, networks, and access to finance, technology, and markets-constrain women's decision to become entrepreneurs and affect their choices concerning which sector to enter, how much to put into their firms, and which business practices and technology to adopt. Contextual factors, such as social norms, access to childcare, and risk of gender-based violence, also contribute to the gender gap in firm performance documented by the Africa GIL and the EAP GIL. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence around the world to understand what works, and what does not, in addressing the differential constraints restricting the growth of women-led firms. This note presents evidence on five key findings
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39427
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Lessons on Reducing Gender-based Violence (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079381
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Content: Gender-based violence (GBV) affects more than one in three women over the course of their lifetimes, regardless of social or economic boundaries. Violence against women and girls takes a significant toll on survivors and their families and exacts heavy social and economic costs. In some countries, violence against women is estimated to cost up to 3.7 percent of GDP- more than double of what most governments spend on education. Lockdowns and reduced mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic led to sharp increases in violence against women and girls. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence across the world to understand what works, and what does not, in reducing GBV. This note presents evidence on four key findings based on impact evaluations from three regions
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39425
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Lessons on Empowering Adolescent Girls (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079380
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Content: Adolescent girls face multiple challenges that restrict their horizons. They have to make decisions about employment and fertility at an early age with limited access to formal education and under restrictive social norms. Domestic responsibilities limit their time in school and educational achievement, in turn curtailing their ability to enter the labor force. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence on what works, and what does not, in empowering adolescent girls. This note presents evidence on five key findings
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39426
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Not All that it Seems : Narrowing of Gender Gaps in Employment during the Onset of COVID-19 in Indonesia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079284
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (57 Seiten)
    Content: This paper studies the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesia's labor market by exploiting the exogeneous timing of the pandemic in a seasonal difference-in-differences framework. The analysis uses multiple rounds of Indonesia's National Labor Force Survey from 2016 to 2020 to establish a pre-pandemic employment trend and then attribute any excess difference in employment outcomes from this trend as the estimated effect of the pandemic on individual employment outcomes. The results suggest that the pandemic has had mixed effects on the Indonesian labor market. While the pandemic has narrowed the gender gaps in employment participation through the "added worker effect" among women, it has also lowered the overall employment quality among both gender groups. The findings show that the increase in female employment is primarily driven by women in rural areas without high school education, entering informal work, agricultural employment, or unpaid family work. For men, the pandemic has had adverse impacts on their employment across the board in all sub-populations. Consistent with findings from other studies, steeper employment declines are observed in urban areas, particularly among males. Among those employed, both women and men work fewer hours and earn lower wages
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Halim, Daniel Not All that it Seems: Narrowing of Gender Gaps in Employment during the Onset of COVID-19 in Indonesia Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10337
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    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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