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  • 1
    UID:
    almafu_9958125295402883
    Format: xvii, 241 pages : , illustrations ; , 28 cm.
    ISBN: 1-280-08817-6 , 9786610088171 , 0-585-35788-9
    Series Statement: World Bank e-Library.
    Note: Conference papers. , Asian Manufacturing Recovery: A Firm-Level Analysis -- , Corporates' Views of the Constraints to Recovery -- , Macroeconomic Views of the East Asian Crisis: A Comparison -- , The New Miyazawa Initiative and Response to the Corporate Debt Problem -- , Asian Corporate Credit Needs and Governance -- , Financial Sector Restructuring: Progress and Issues -- , Publicly Listed East Asian Corporates: Growth, Financing, and Risks -- , Corporate Foreign Debt in East Asia: Too Much or Too Little? -- , Corporate Employment and Public Policy -- , Indonesia: The Impact of the Economic Crisis on Industry Performance. , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-4634-2
    Language: English
    Keywords: Conference proceedings. ; Konferenzschrift
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    UID:
    almafu_9958091638902883
    Format: pages cm.
    ISBN: 1-283-70506-0 , 0-8213-9534-3
    Series Statement: Africa development forum series
    Content: The importance of property rights in providing the incentive to invest, work hard, and innovate has been recognized for centuries. Yet, many women in Africa do not have the same property rights or formal legal capacity enjoyed by men. Empowering Women: Legal Rights and Economic Opportunities in Africa documents the extent to which the legal capacity and property rights vary for women and men, and analyzes the impact this has on women's economic opportunities. The book introduces the "Women's Legal Economic Empowerment Database - Africa (Women LEED Africa)." This database covers all 47 countrie
    Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Contents; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; Abbreviations; Overview; Chapter 1: Law, Gender, and the Business Environment; Chapter 2: Women's Legal Rights across the Region; Boxes; O.1 How Do Property Rights Affect Economic Opportunities?; O.2 Stronger Economic Rights, Greater Opportunities for Self-Employed Employers; Figures; BO.2.1 Women Are Active Entrepreneurs, Particularly in Lower-Income Countries, But Largely Self-Employed; BO.2.2 The Share of Female Employers Does Not Vary with National Income , BO.2.3 The Smaller the Gender Gap in Economic Rights, the Smaller the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurs Who Employ Other WorkersO.1 All Countries Recognize the Principle of Nondiscrimination; O.2 Most Countries Have Ratified International Conventions on Women's Rights; O.3 Some Countries Recognize Customary Law and Allow It to Discriminate against Women; O.4 Head-of-Household Rules Are Common in Both Middle- and Low-Income Countries; O.5 Different Types of Property Regimes Grant Women Very Different Rights to Inherit Marital Property; O.6 Only a Minority of Countries Protect Women's Land Rights , Chapter 3: Legal Pluralism: Multiple Systems, Multiple ChallengesO.7 Many Countries Restrict the Type of Work Women Can Perform and Women's Hours; Chapter 4: Women's Rights in Practice: Constraints to Accessing Justice; Chapter 5: The Way Forward; References; 1 Law, Gender, and the Business Environment; Structure of the Report; 1.1 Defining "Discrimination"; Importance of Economic Rights in Business Incentives; Extent of Legal Protection of Women's Economic Rights; Main Areas of the Law for Women In Business; 1.2 Importance of Property Rights for Economic Opportunity , B1.2.1 Types of Employment of Men and Women, by World RegionB1.2.2 Percentage of Labor Force That Is Self-Employed and Employs Other Workers, by Gender and Region; Nature of the Legal System; Impact of Rights on Economic Opportunities; 1.3 Women and Land in Ghana: Precarious Rights, Lower Yields; 1.4 Changing the Balance of Intrahousehold Power in the United States; 1.5 Stronger Economic Rights, Greater Opportunities for Self-Employed Employers; B1.5.1 Women Are Active Entrepreneurs, Particularly in Lower-Income Countries, But Largely Self-Employed , B1.5.2 The Share of Female Employers Does Not Vary with National IncomeB1.5.3 The Smaller the Gender Gap in Economic Rights, the Smaller the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurs Who Employ Other Workers; Conclusion; Notes; References; 2 Women's Legal Rights across the Region; The Women-LEED-Africa Database; Scoresheet 1: Ratification of International Treaties and Conventions; 2.1 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; 2.2 The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa , 2.1 Most Countries Have Ratified International Conventions on Women's Rights , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-9533-5
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. :World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9958080725702883
    Format: pages cm.
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 0-8213-9809-1
    Series Statement: World Bank e-Library.
    Content: This book brings together new household and enterprise data from 41 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to inform policy makers and practitioners on ways to expand women entrepreneurs economic opportunities. Sub-Saharan Africa boasts the highest share of women entrepreneurs, but they are disproportionately concentrated among the self-employed rather than employers. Relative to men, women are pursuing lower opportunity activities, with their enterprises more likely to be smaller, informal, and in low value-added lines of business. The challenge in expanding opportunities is not helping more women become entrepreneurs but enabling them to shift to higher return activities. A central question addressed in the book is what explains the gender sorting in the types of enterprises that women and men run? The analysis shows that many Sub-Saharan countries present a challenging environment for women. Four key areas of the agenda for expanding womens economic opportunities in Africa are analyzed: strengthening womens property rights and their ability to control assets; improving womens access to finance; building human capital in business skills and networks; and strengthening womens voices in business environment reform. These areas are important both because they have wide gender gaps and because they help explain gender differences in entrepreneurial activities. It is particularly striking that while gender gaps in education tend to close with higher incomes, gaps in womens property rights and in womens participation in reform processes do not. As simply raising a countrys income is unlikely to be sufficient to give women equal ability to control assets or have greater voice, more proactive steps will be needed. Practical guidelines to move the agenda forward are discussed for each of these key areas.
    Note: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , Part I. Where women and men work -- 1. Self-employed, employers, and wage earners in the formal and informal sectors -- 2. The size, formality, and industry of enterprises -- Part II. Why women work where they do -- 3. Country patterns in income, human capital, and assets affect where women work -- 4. Sorting into entrepreneurial activities: individual patterns -- Part III. How women perform--and the constraints they face -- 5. Sorting drives gender gaps in productivity and profits -- 6. After sorting, constraints depend on the type of enterprise -- Part IV. Shifting women to more productive work -- 7. Increasing the right to own and control assets -- 8. Expanding women's access to finance -- 9. Enriching managerial and financial skills -- 10. Strengthening women's voices in business environment reforms -- 11. Toward an action agenda. , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-9703-6
    Additional Edition: ISBN 1-299-70565-0
    Language: English
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  • 4
    UID:
    almafu_9958076704502883
    Format: 1 online resource (45 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: How important is firm turnover to national productivity growth? The literature points to the contribution of creative destruction being strongest in more developed countries or where market institutions are strongest. This paper looks at the case of Morocco, spanning 16 years, during which reform initiatives aiming to strengthen market forces were introduced. The paper argues that it is important to take into account i) the timing of how decompositions are structured (capturing the effects of high growth among young firms as part of the benefit of increased entry) and ii) the additional indirect impacts of firm dynamics on agglomeration externalities and competition. The paper shows there are striking differences in the productivity paths of entering and exiting firms compared with incumbents, and that restricting the time horizon of productivity decompositions to the actual year of entry or exit underestimates the productivity effects of turnover. Although it has been hypothesized that conducting decompositions over longer horizons would increase the positive contribution of net turnover, this is not the case in Morocco as losses from exiting firms rise too. Nor has the net contribution of turnover increased with market reforms; if anything, the contribution has declined over time. But the allocation of resources has improved. Both technical and allocative efficiency have risen since the mid-1990s. The paper also shows that firm turnover affects productivity through additional channels. It is closely correlated with measures of agglomeration that are associated with higher rates of exit among unproductive firms, and turnover itself is positively associated with subsequent productivity growth of incumbents.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    UID:
    almafu_9958246584402883
    Format: 1 online resource (46 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study uses a newly compiled database of women's property rights and legal capacity covering 100 countries over 50 years to test for the impact of legal reforms on employment, health, and education outcomes for women and girls. The database demonstrates gender gaps in the ability to access and own property, sign legal documents in one's own name, and have equality or non-discrimination as a guiding principle of the country's constitution. In the initial period, 75 countries had gender gaps in at least one of these areas and often multiple ones. By 2010, 57 countries had made reforms that strengthened women's economic rights, including 28 countries that had eliminated all of the constraints monitored here. In the cross-section and within countries over time, the removal of gender gaps in rights is associated with greater participation of women in the labor force, greater movement out of agricultural employment, higher rates of women in wage employment, lower adolescent fertility, lower maternal and infant mortality, and higher female educational enrollment. This paper provides evidence on how the strengthening of women's legal rights is associated with important development outcomes.
    Language: English
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  • 6
    UID:
    almafu_9958246457702883
    Format: 1 online resource (55 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Using Indonesian manufacturing census data (1991-2001), this paper rejects the hypothesis that the East Asian crisis unequivocally improved the reallocative process. The correlation between productivity and employment growth did not strengthen and the crisis induced the exit of relatively productive firms. The attenuation of the relationship between productivity and survival was stronger in provinces with comparatively lower reductions in minimum wages, but not due to reduced entry, changing loan conditions, or firms connected to the Suharto regime suffering disproportionately. On the bright side, firms that entered during the crisis were relatively more productive, which helped mitigate the reduction in aggregate productivity.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    UID:
    almafu_9958246577702883
    Format: 1 online resource (40 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper evaluates the impact of strengthening legal rights on the types of economic opportunities that are pursued. Ethiopia changed its family law, requiring both spouses' consent in the administration of marital property, removing the ability of a spouse to deny permission for the other to work outside the home, and raising women's minimum age of marriage. Thus both access to resources and the removal of restrictions on employment served to strengthen women's bargaining position within the household and their ability to pursue economic opportunities. Although this reform now applies nationally, it was initially rolled out in the two chartered cities and three of Ethiopia's nine regions. Using nationally representative household surveys from just prior to the reform and five years later allows for a difference-in-difference estimation of the reform's impact. The analysis finds that women were relatively more likely to work in occupations that require work outside the home, employ more educated workers, and in paid and full-time jobs where the reform had been enacted, controlling for time and location effects. As the relative increase in women's participation in these activities was 15-24 percent higher in areas where the reform was carried out, the magnitude of the impact is significant too.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    UID:
    almafu_9958246465402883
    Format: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: In a crisis, do employers place the burden of adjustment disproportionately on female employees? Relying on household and labor force data, existing studies of the distributional impact of crises have not been able to address this question. This paper uses Indonesia's census of manufacturing firms to analyze employer responses and to identify mechanisms by which gender differences in impact may arise, notably differential treatment of men and women within firms as well as gender sorting across firms that varied in their exposure to the crisis. On average, women experienced higher job losses than their male colleagues within the same firm. However, the aggregate adverse effect of such differential treatment was more than offset by women being disproportionately employed in firms hit relatively less hard by the crisis. The null hypothesis that there were no gender differences in wage adjustment is not rejected. Analyzing how employer characteristics impact labor market adjustment patterns contributes to the understanding of who is vulnerable in volatile times.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    UID:
    almafu_9958246509702883
    Format: 1 online resource (50 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Using manufacturing plant-level census data, this paper demonstrates that minimum wage increases in Indonesia reduced gender wage gaps among production workers, with heterogeneous impacts by level of education and position of the firm in the wage distribution. Paradoxically, educated women appear to have benefitted the most, particularly in the lower half of the firm average earnings distribution. By contrast, women who did not complete primary education did not benefit on average, and even lost ground in the upper end of the earnings distribution. Minimum wage increases were thus associated with exacerbated gender pay gaps among the least educated, and reduced gender gaps among the best educated production workers. Unconditional quantile regression analysis attests to wage compression and lighthouse effects. Changes in relative employment prospects were limited.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    UID:
    almafu_9958246242002883
    Format: 1 online resource (39 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper examines the impact of firm productivity and local industrial structure on firm entry and exit in Morocco between 1985 and 2001. There is strong evidence of productivity exerting a market-cleansing role. Less productive firms are found to be more likely to exit - and locations with more productive firms attract higher rates of new firm entry. The effect of productivity operates not only in an absolute sense; a firm's relative productivity or distance to the local sector frontier matters too. First, large productivity gaps are associated with higher rates of exit, while new firms are attracted to locations with small productivity gaps. Second, local competition increases the probability of exit, although it does not encourage entry. Third, there is evidence of scale or agglomeration effects that increase firm turnover. Fourth, measures of sector diversity are not associated with lower turnover. Fifth, the geographic level at which agglomeration and competition effects are defined matters differently for exit than entry. For exit, the provincial measures are strong, while those for communes are weaker. For entry, it is the local productivity at the commune level that is more significant. This implies that competitive pressures are less geographically constrained while the potential benefits of agglomeration and spill-overs are indeed more local.
    Language: English
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