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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Weight Calculations for Panel Surveys with Sub-Sampling and Split-Off Tracking / (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246408402883
    Format: 1 online resource (14 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture project collects agricultural and livelihood data in seven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. In order to maintain representativeness as much as possible over multiple rounds of data collection, a sub-sample of households are selected to have members that have left the household tracked and interviewed in their new location with their new household members. Since the sub-sampling occurs at the level of the household but tracking occurs at the level of the individual, a number of issues arise with the correct calculation for the sub-sampling and attrition corrections. This paper is based on the panel weight calculations for the initial rounds of the Integrated Surveys on Agriculture surveys in Uganda and Tanzania, and describes the methodology used for calculating the weight components related to sub-sampling, tracking, and attrition, as well as the criteria used for trimming and post-stratification. It also addresses complications resulting from members previously classified as having attrited from the sample returning in later rounds.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6373
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Second-Stage Sampling for Conflict Areas : Methods and Implications (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143907202883
    Format: 1 online resource (33 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The collection of survey data from war zones or other unstable security situations is vulnerable to error because conflict often limits the implementation options. Although there are elevated risks throughout the process, this paper focuses specifically on challenges to frame construction and sample selection. The paper uses simulations based on data from the Mogadishu High Frequency Survey Pilot to examine the implications of the choice of second-stage selection methodology on bias and variance. Among the other findings, the simulations show the bias introduced by a random walk design leads to the underestimation of the poverty headcount by more than 10 percent. The paper also discusses the experience of the authors in the time required and technical complexity of the associated back-office preparation work and weight calculations for each method. Finally, as the simulations assume perfect implementation of the design, the paper also discusses practicality, including the ease of implementation and options for remote verification, and outlines areas for future research and pilot testing.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7617
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Use of Random Geographic Cluster Sampling to Survey Pastoralists / (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246587002883
    Format: 1 online resource (25 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Livestock are an important component of rural livelihoods in developing countries, but data about this source of income and wealth are difficult to collect because of the nomadic and semi-nomadic nature of many pastoralist populations. Most household surveys exclude those without permanent dwellings, leading to undercoverage. This study explores the use of a random geographic cluster sample as an alternative to the household-based sample. In this design, points are randomly selected and all eligible respondents found inside circles drawn around the selected points are interviewed. This approach should eliminate undercoverage of mobile populations. The results of a random geographic cluster sample survey are presented with a total sample size of 784 households to measure livestock ownership in the Afar region of Ethiopia in 2012. The paper explores the data quality of the random geographic cluster sample relative to a recent household survey and discusses the implementation challenges.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6589
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interviewer Effects in Subjective Survey Questions : Evidence from Timor-Leste (2015)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246525002883
    Format: 1 online resource (26 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: There is an inherent tension between traditional norms and survey protocols for quantitative data collected in the developing world. Unexpected interactions between the interviewer and respondent can lead to interviewer effects in the data, particularly in the case of subjective or sensitive questions. This paper makes use of a unique data set available from Timor-Leste containing subjective and objective questions to study these effects. In addition to their age and gender, data were collected from the interviewers regarding their opinions on the subjective questions prior to fieldwork. Fixed effects and mixed effects logit models are used to examine the main effects and interactions between interviewer and respondent characteristics. More objective measures serve as a pseudo control group. The paper finds interviewer effects in the both subjective and objective data, but the magnitude is considerably stronger for subjective questions. The paper also finds that female respondents are more susceptible to influence based on the interviewer's beliefs. Despite methodological shortcomings, the study highlights the need to consider more fully the impact of traditional cultural norms when conducting quantitative surveys in the developing world on topics that are outside the standard objective questions.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7208
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reliability of Recall in Agricultural Data / (2011)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246476502883
    Format: 1 online resource (29 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Despite the importance of agriculture to economic development, and a vast accompanying literature on the subject, little research has been done on the quality of the underlying data. Due to survey logistics, agricultural data are usually collected by asking respondents to recall the details of events occurring during past agricultural seasons that took place a number of months prior to the interview. This gap can lead to recall bias in reported data on agricultural activities. The problem is further complicated when interviews are conducted over the course of several months, thus leading to recall of variable length. To test for such recall bias, the length of time between harvest and interview is examined for three African countries with respect to several common agricultural input and harvest measures. The analysis shows little evidence of recall bias impacting data quality. There is some indication that more salient events are less subject to recall decay. Overall, the results allay some concerns about the quality of some types of agricultural data collected through recall over lengthy periods.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5671
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating Poverty in the Absence of Consumption Data : The Case of Liberia (2014)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246544802883
    Format: 1 online resource (27 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: In much of the developing world, the demand for high frequency quality household data for poverty monitoring and program design far outstrips the capacity of the statistics bureau to provide such data. In these environments, all available data sources must be leveraged. Most surveys, however, do not collect the detailed consumption data necessary to construct aggregates and poverty lines to measure poverty directly. This paper benefits from a shared listing exercise for two large-scale national household surveys conducted in Liberia in 2007 to explore alternative methodologies to estimate poverty indirectly. The first is an asset-based model that is commonly used in Demographic and Health Surveys. The second is a survey-to-survey imputation that makes use of small area estimation techniques. In addition to a standard base model, separate models are estimated for urban and rural areas and an expanded model that includes climatic variables. Special attention is paid to the inclusion of cell phones, with implications for other assets whose cost and availability may be changing rapidly. The results demonstrate substantial limitations with asset-based indexes, but also leave questions as to the accuracy and stability of imputation models.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7024
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Map of the Poor or a Poor Map? / (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959833874802883
    Format: 1 online resource (57 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper evaluates the performance of different small area estimation methods using model and design-based simulation experiments. Design-based simulation experiments are carried out using the Mexican Intra Censal survey as a census of roughly 3.9 million households from which 500 samples are drawn using a two-stage selection procedure similar to that of Living Standards Measurement Study surveys. Several unit-level methods are considered as well as a method that combines unit and area level information, which has been proposed as an alternative when the available census data is outdated. The findings show the importance of selecting a proper model and data transformation so that the model assumptions hold. A proper data transformation can lead to a considerable improvement in mean squared errors. The results from design-based validation show that all small area estimation methods represent an improvement, in terms of mean squared errors, over direct estimates. However, methods that model unit level welfare using only area level information suffer from considerable bias. Because the magnitude and direction of the bias are unknown ex ante, methods that rely only on aggregated covariates should be used with caution, but they may be an alternative to traditional area level models when these are not applicable.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9620
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can Subjective Questions on Economic Welfare be Trusted? : Evidence for Three Developing Countries (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246575002883
    Format: 1 online resource (40 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: While self-assessments of welfare have become popular for measuring poverty and estimating welfare effects, the methods can be deceptive given systematic heterogeneity in respondents' scales. Little is known about this problem. This study uses specially-designed surveys in three countries, Tajikistan, Guatemala, and Tanzania, to study scale heterogeneity. Respondents were asked to score stylized vignettes, as well as their own household. Diverse scales are in evidence, casting considerable doubt on the meaning of widely-used summary measures such as subjective poverty rates. Nonetheless, under the identifying assumptions of the study, only small biases are induced in the coefficients on widely-used regressors for subjective poverty and welfare.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6726
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determining the Caloric Content of Food Consumed Away from Home : An Application to the Construction of a Cost-of-Basic-Needs Poverty Line (2022)
    Washington D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9961265130002883
    Format: 1 online resource (13 pages)
    Content: Food purchased and consumed away from home is a growing share of household expenditure in developing countries. Therefore, measuring the monetary value and estimating the caloric equivalent of these meals are increasingly important for the accurate calculation of a cost-of-basic-needs poverty line. The standard approach uses the per-calorie cost of the food consumed at home to estimate the caloric equivalent of food purchased and consumed away from home, but it does not include an allowance for the overhead or profit of the food seller. This paper retains the assumption of equal composition in the food baskets consumed inside and outside the home and uses data from a consumption experiment in the Marshall Islands to estimate a "multiplier" to increase the per-calorie cost to allow for these expenses. The methodology generates reasonable estimates of meal-specific and overall multipliers. Although the impact of their application is minimal in this case, it may be larger in contexts with higher shares of food purchased and consumed away from home in total consumption.
    Language: English
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Fulltext
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Novel Approach to the Automatic Designation of Predefined Census Enumeration Areas and Population Sampling Frames : A Case Study in Somalia (2019)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959128134402883
    Format: 1 online resource (27 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Enumeration areas are the operational geographic units for the collection, dissemination, and analysis of census data and are often used as a national sampling frame for various types of surveys. Traditionally, enumeration areas are created by manually digitizing small geographic units on high-resolution satellite imagery or physically walking the boundaries of units, both of which are highly time, cost, and labor intensive. In addition, creating enumeration areas requires considering the size of the population and area within each unit. This is an optimization problem that can best be solved by a computer. This paper, for the first time, produces an automatic designation of predefined census enumeration areas based on high-resolution gridded population and settlement data sets and using publicly available natural and administrative boundaries. This automated approach is compared with manually digitized enumeration areas that were created in urban areas in Mogadishu and Hargeisa for the United Nations Population Estimation Survey for Somalia in 2014. The automatically generated enumeration areas are consistent with standard enumeration areas, including having identifiable boundaries to field teams on the ground, and appropriate sizing and population for coverage by an enumerator. Furthermore, the automated urban enumeration areas have no gaps. The paper extends this work to rural Somalia, for which no records exist of previous enumeration area demarcations. This work shows the time, labor, and cost-saving value of automated enumeration area delineation and points to the potential for broadly available tools that are suitable for low-income and data-poor settings but applicable to potentially wider contexts.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8972
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
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