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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Corruption, Business Environment, and Small Business Fixed Investment in India / (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almahu_9949137446102882
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper estimates a structural dynamic business investment equation and an error correction model of fixed assets growth on a sample of predominantly small and mid-size manufacturers in India. The results suggest that excessive labor regulation, power shortages, and problems of access to finance are all significant factors in industrial growth in the country. The estimated effects of labor regulation, power shortages and access to finance on the rate of business investment all vary by states' levels of industrial development and. Perhaps more importantly, they also depend on a fourth institutional factor, namely, corruption. The rate of fixed investment is significantly lower where power shortages are more severe and labor regulation is stronger over the full sample, but each of these impacts is also greater for businesses self-reportedly affected by corruption. Although access to finance does not seem to influence the rate of investment for most firms, there is evidence that investment decisions are constrained by cash flow in enterprises that are unaffected by corruption or power shortages. There are nuances to this story as we take into account regional specificity, but the key result always holds that labor regulation, power shortages and access to finance influence the rate of fixed investment in ways that depend on the incidence of corruption. In interpreting this finding, we would like to think of corruption as a proxy for the quality of property rights institutions in the sense of Acemoglu and Johnson (2005). On the other hand, we regard labor regulation and the financial environment of small businesses in India as instances of what Acemoglu and Johnson (2005) call 'contracting institutions'. The analysis finds that the interaction between corruption and other aspects of the institutional environment of fixed investment decisions could be seen consistent with the Acemoglu-Johnson view that the quality of property rights institutions exerts more abiding influence on economic outcomes than the quality of contracting institutions.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4356
    URL: Volltext
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    UB Potsdam
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    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Corruption, the Business Environment, and Small Business Growth in India / (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958062358802883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper estimates a dynamic business growth equation on a sample of small-scale manufacturers. The results suggest that excessive labor regulation, power shortages, and problems of access to finance are significant influences on industrial growth in India. The expected annual sales growth rate of an enterprise is lower where labor regulation is greater, power shortages are more severe, and cash flow constraints are stronger. The effects of each of the three factors on business growth seem also to depend on a fourth element, namely, corruption. Specifically, labor regulation affects the growth only of enterprises for which corruption is not a factor in business decisions. By contrast, power shortages seem to be a drag on the growth only of enterprises self-reportedly held back by corruption. Lastly, sales growth is constrained by cash flow only in businesses that are not affected by labor regulation, power shortages, or corruption. The analysis uses corruption as a proxy for the quality of "property rights institutions" and considers labor regulation and small business financing as instances of "contracting institutions." The findings on the interaction between corruption and other aspects of business environment then seems to indicate that the quality of property rights institutions exerts more abiding influence on economic outcomes than the quality of contracting institutions. Moreover, there might also be a hierarchy among contracting institutions in their effect on manufacturing growth.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4338
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Informality Among Formal Firms : Firm-Level, Cross-Country Evidence On Tax Compliance and Access To Credit (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958109651302883
    Format: 1 online resource (37 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The authors use firm-level, cross-county data from Investment Climate surveys in 49 developing countries to investigate an important channel through which informality can affect productivity: access to credit and external finance. Informality is measured as self-reported lack of tax compliance in a sample of registered firms that also answered questions on a large set of other characteristics. The authors find that more tax compliance is significantly associated with more access to credit both in OLS and in country fixed effects estimates. In particular, the link between credit and formality is stronger in high-formality countries. This suggests that firms' balance sheets are relatively more informative for financial institutions in environments where signal extraction is a less noisy process. The authors' results are robust to the inclusion of a wide array of correlates and to two-stage estimation.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4476
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Private Sector Internship and Training on Urban Youth in Kenya / (2015)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246534902883
    Format: 1 online resource (46 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study uses a randomized experiment to evaluate the impacts of the training and internship program piloted in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu counties by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance and the Government of Kenya with support from the World Bank's Kenya Youth Empowerment Project. The program provided three months of classroom-based technical training coupled with three months of internships in private firms to vulnerable youths between ages 15 and 29 years, with vulnerable being defined as those out of school and/or with no permanent job. The analysis in this paper is based on survey data collected before the program started (July 2012) and 15 months after the program ended (July 2014). The results of the impact evaluation show that the program has been successful in placing youths in paid jobs and has contributed to an increase of 15 percent in current employment among male participants. The evaluation also found that the program has had positive effects on wage earnings, especially those of females and among older males, with wages increasing by about K Sh 5,000 for males and by K Sh 7,500 for females. With a total unit cost of K Sh 97,000 per beneficiary, an estimated K Sh 6,768 monthly wage for males and K Sh 9,623 monthly wage for females, the program's benefits exceeded the costs for males and females. The program also encouraged youths to participate in either (certified) skills training or an internship program, and helped to increase the probability of participants' opening a bank account and accumulating savings (for females).
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7404
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    FU Berlin
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deepening without Broadening? Jobs in Ghana's Private Sector / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143913402883
    Format: 1 online resource (39 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Creating productive jobs is one of the greatest challenges in Ghana. This paper looks at job creation and its relationship with firm productivity and the quality of jobs among registered firms in the Ghanaian private sector, based on the 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey. The study looks at the typology of firms in the industry and service sectors, identifying those that have created the most jobs, and the relative quality of these jobs in terms of productivity and firms' average wage bill. Although the formal private sector employs only a tiny share of total employment, the results show that larger and older firms account for the majority of workers, and formal jobs density is highest in Accra (Accra Metropolitan Area and Tema). Large firms also pay higher wages on average, are more productive, and account for most of the aggregate net formal job creation between 2010 and 2012. However, the relationship between size and productivity is positive and statistically significant, mostly driven by the upper part of the firm size distribution, pointing to potential market segmentations as micro, small, and medium firms create fewer jobs and are less productive. Removing barriers to the growth of micro, small, and medium size enterprises, and to the allocation of resources toward more efficient firms should be a key priority for policy makers.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7835
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Firm of One's Own : Experimental Evidence on Credit Constraints and Occupational Choice (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246225602883
    Format: 1 online resource (45 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers-even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7977
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    FU Berlin
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries : A Meta Regression Analysis (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246405602883
    Format: 1 online resource (65 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper provides a synthetic and systematic review on the effectiveness of various entrepreneurship programs in developing countries. It adopts a meta-regression analysis using 37 impact evaluation studies that were in the public domain by March 2012, and draws out several lessons on the design of the programs. The paper observes wide variation in program effectiveness across different interventions depending on outcomes, types of beneficiaries, and country context. Overall, entrepreneurship programs have a positive and large impact for youth and on business knowledge and practice, but no immediate translation into business set-up and expansion or increased income. At a disaggregate level by outcome groups, providing a package of training and financing is more effective for labor activities. In addition, financing support appears more effective for women and business training for existing entrepreneurs than other interventions to improve business performance.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6402
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Results Readiness in Social Protection and Labor Operations : Technical Guidance Notes for Labor Markets Task Teams (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048267901
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Content: Labor allocation to its most efficient use, promoting employment and human capital investment as well as functioning labor markets can contribute to long-term economic growth, poverty reduction and to help workers manage their risks. A labor market policy framework includes both regulations and programs. However, the optimal framework is not standard and universal but varies country by country depending on the level of economic and financial development, culture and other structural characteristics. Labor market projects are equally concentrated in Latin America and the Caribbean and Eastern Europe and Central Asia regions and one is China. Interestingly, the number of projects having 'improving labor market' as the primary component has increased over time. All project development objectives in the cohort of projects reviewed focus on promoting higher employment and increasing economic opportunities as the main objective especially via training programs. About half of the projects also seek to reach specific vulnerable groups by improving targeting mechanisms and to improve the quality of social assistance services by reducing the cost of job search through access to enhanced employment services and by improving employability
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/27373
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Job Dynamics in Albania : A Note Profiling Albania's Labor Market (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271432
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This note provides a brief, updated analysis of jobs dynamics in Albania, providing insights into where constraints to improving jobs outcomes remain and opportunities for addressing such challenges. Results-based policy making requires timely information to identify problems, design potential solutions, and evaluate policy initiatives. Using the most recent data available on Albanian labor markets from the perspectives of labor demand (firms) and labor supply (individuals), this note provides some key insights into the current situation and important dynamics over time and across firms and workers with different characteristics. The note is complemented by two other reports that look at (i) skills development challenges from the demand (employer) side, and (ii) the role and effectiveness of the National Employment Service (NES) in reducing unemployment. This note and the aforementioned reports will serve as inputs to a jobs framework and action plan for the Republic of Albania. This note is divided into three additional sections. Following the introduction, the second section provides a profile of labor demand in Albania, looking primarily at job creation and job productivity. The third section presents a profile of labor supply, specifically who is working, what types of jobs they are employed in, and who is not working. The final section concludes with an overall brief summary of the analysis and questions to further guide the development of a jobs action plan
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/29962
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Armenia : Better Understanding International Labor Mobility (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048272449
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Armenia has experienced massive outflows of its people over years. Emigrants' share of the Armenian population stood at approximately thirty-two percent in 2017, according to migration data from the United Nations (UN). Half of Armenian emigrants reside in Russia. Other key destinations include Azerbaijan, the United States and Ukraine. Recent migration is primarily temporary labor migration, unlike the permanent emigration that occurred in the 1990s. Remittances resulting from migration constitute important support to the welfare of households and the domestic economy. Nevertheless, the effects of remittances and migration on labor markets are not fully understood. As migration is likely to continue, such questions are still timely and relevant. The Russian-Armenian University (RAU) survey data indicate that about as many people would like to migrate as are current first-time migrants. This policy brief aims to explore and address the two questions about migration and its effects on the labor market in Armenia. It uses data from the household migration surveys conducted by the RAU over the three-year period of 2015-2017. The brief describes the general landscape of temporary labor migration and presents relevant policy recommendations
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/32259
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