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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (4 Seiten)

Content: The International Network of Twin Registries (INTR) aims to foster scientific collaboration and promote twin research on a global scale by working to expand the resources of twin registries around the world and make them available to researchers who adhere to established guidelines for international collaboration. Our vision is to create an unprecedented scientific network of twin registries that will advance knowledge in ways that are impossible for individual registries, and includes the harmonization of data. INTR will also promote a broad range of activities, including the development of a website, formulation of data harmonization protocols, creation of a library of software tools for twin studies, design of a search engine to identify research partners, establishment of searchable inventories of data and biospecimens, development of templates for informed consent and data sharing, organization of symposia at International Society of Twin Studies conferences, support for scholar exchanges, and writing grant proposals.

Content: Peer Reviewed

Note: This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.

In: Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press, 17,6, Seiten 574-577

Language: English

DOI: 10.18452/28065

DOI: 10.1017/thg.2014.67

URN: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-110-18452/28675-8

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (376 pages)

ISBN: 0-12-820952-6

Series Statement: Translational epigenetics series v.Volume 27

Note: Front Cover -- Twin and Family Studies of Epigenetics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part 1: Introduction -- Chapter 1 Value of twin and family study designs for epigenetic research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Quantifying genetic and environmental influences on variation in epigenetic modification, heritability and the equal e ... -- 3 Controlling for the effects of genetic and non-genetic factors shared within the family -- 4 Facilitating causation assessment -- 5 Addressing issues of specific relevance to twins -- 6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Evaluation and measurement of epigenetic modifications in population-based studies -- 1 What is epigenetics? -- 1.1 Epigenetic mechanisms -- 1.2 Why study epigenetics? -- 2 Profiling epigenetic alterations -- 2.1 DNA methylation profiling technologies -- 2.2 Histone modification profiling -- 2.3 Chromatin structure profiling -- 3 Analysis of epigenetic profiling -- 3.1 Sequencing data -- 3.2 Array-based data -- 4 Public epigenetic resources -- 5 Future directions -- Conflicts of interest, Acknowledgments, Funding information, and Author contributions -- References -- Part 2: Human health applications -- Chapter 3 Discordant monozygotic twin studies of epigenetic mechanisms in mental health -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Psychiatric epigenetics -- 1.2 Scope of this chapter -- 2 An overview of MZ twin studies of epigenetic mechanisms in personality behavior and mental health -- 2.1 Autism spectrum disorders -- 2.2 Externalizing problems and ADHD -- 2.3 Schizophrenia, psychosis, and bipolar disorder -- 2.4 Depression -- 3 Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 DNA methylation and breast cancer risk: value of twin and family studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Within-family designs -- 3 Designs enriched for breast cancer familial features. , 3.1 Enriched for familial risk -- 3.2 Enriched for BRCA1 -like features -- 4 Other study designs -- 5 Literature summaries -- 6 Example study -- 6.1 Study sample -- 6.2 Associations between DNA methylation measures and breast cancer risk -- 6.3 Implications of the study findings -- 7 Future directions -- 8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Twin and family studies on epigenetics and oral health -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dental caries -- 2.1 Dental caries: An overview -- 2.2 Twin and family studies of dental caries -- 2.3 Twins reared apart -- 2.4 Classical twin studies in dental caries -- 2.5 Twin and family studies to understand dental caries: Beyond heritability -- 2.6 Twin/Family studies of oral microbiome -- 2.7 Twin/Family studies of genetics and dental caries -- 2.8 Epigenetic research in dental caries -- 2.9 Gene-environment interactions -- 3 Twin and family studies of epigenetics and enamel hypomineralization -- 3.1 Molar incisor hypomineralization: An overview -- 3.2 Enamel formation -- 3.3 Twin and family studies of enamel hypomineralization -- 3.4 Genetic studies of MIH -- 3.5 Epigenetic studies of enamel hypomineralization -- 4 Twin and family studies of epigenetics and periodontal disease -- 4.1 Periodontal disease -- 4.2 Genetic contribution to periodontal disease -- 4.3 Recent epigenetics studies on periodontal disease -- 4.4 Local epigenetic mechanisms for periodontal disease -- 4.5 Future directions for twin studies on epigenetics of periodontal disease -- 5 Twin and family studies of tooth morphology and emergence -- 6 Challenges facing twin and family genetic and epigenetic studies of dental caries -- 6.1 Recruitment -- 6.2 Expertise in twin and -omic statistical methods -- 6.3 Phenotype definition: Dental caries -- 6.4 Phenotype definition: MIH -- 7 Summary -- References. , Chapter 6 Twin and family epigenetic studies of type 2 diabetes -- 1 What is type 2 diabetes? -- 2 T2D and epigenetics -- 2.1 Epigenetics and type 2 diabetes risk factors -- 2.2 Findings from epigenetics and T2D association studies in unrelated subjects -- 3 T2D epigenetics in twin and family studies -- 3.1 Epigenetic findings from twin and family studies of T2D -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Twin and family studies on epigenetics and obesity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Twin studies of epigenetics and obesity -- 2.1 Twin studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with BMI and obesity -- 2.2 Twin studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with adiposity measures -- 3 Family studies of epigenetics and obesity -- 3.1 Family studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with obesity and metabolic disease -- 3.2 Epigenetically mediated intergenerational factors associated with obesity -- 3.3 Maternal factors -- 3.3.1 Maternal diabetes -- 3.3.2 Maternal BMI -- 3.3.3 Maternal famine exposure -- 3.3.4 Maternal smoking -- 3.3.5 Maternal nutrition -- 3.4 Paternal factors -- 3.5 Postnatal factors -- 3.5.1 Childhood adversity -- 3.5.2 Breast feeding -- 3.5.3 Smoking -- 4 Limitations of the data presented -- 5 Conclusions -- Declaration of interest -- References -- Chapter 8 DNA methylation and blood pressure in Chinese adult twins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Participants -- 2.2 Measurements -- 2.3 Sample collection and processing -- 2.4 DNA extraction and methylation analysis -- 2.5 Zygosity analysis -- 2.6 Quality control of the DNA methylation data -- 3 Statistical analysis -- 3.1 Analysis of blood pressure and methylation -- 3.2 Analysis of the methylation difference between MZ discordant for hypertension -- 3.3 Sensitivity analysis -- 3.4 Validation analysis -- 3.5 Enrichment analysis -- 4 Results. , 4.1 Demographic characteristics -- 4.2 DNA methylation and blood pressure -- 4.3 DNA methylation and hypertension -- 4.4 Sensitivity analysis -- 4.5 Validation analysis -- 4.6 Enrichment analysis -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Twin and family studies on epigenetics of autoimmune diseases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The human immune system -- 2.1 Innate immune system -- 2.2 Adaptive immune system -- 2.3 Immunological tolerance -- 2.4 Epigenetic alterations in immunity -- 3 Autoimmune diseases -- 3.1 Epidemiology -- 3.2 Pathogenesis of autoimmunity -- 3.3 Risks -- 3.4 Symptoms -- 3.5 Diagnosis -- 3.6 Treatment -- 4 Twin and family-based studies of autoimmune diseases and epigenetics -- 4.1 Systemic autoimmune diseases -- 4.1.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus -- 4.1.2 Rheumatoid arthritis -- 4.1.3 Systemic sclerosis -- 4.2 Autoimmune disease in the endocrine system -- 4.2.1 The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis -- 4.2.2 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis -- 4.2.3 Other endocrine conditions, conditions affecting multiple axes -- 4.2.4 Type-1 diabetes mellitus -- 4.3 Autoimmune diseases in the gastrointestinal system -- 4.3.1 Inflammatory bowel diseases -- 4.3.2 Coeliac disease -- 4.3.3 Primary biliary cholangitis -- 4.4 Other autoimmune diseases -- 4.4.1 Multiple sclerosis -- 4.4.2 Sjogren's syndrome -- 4.4.3 Psoriasis -- 5 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10 Twin studies on the epigenetics of selected neurological disorders and carotid artery disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Twin studies on the epigenetics of multiple sclerosis -- 3 Twin studies on the epigenetics of Alzheimer's disease -- 4 Twin studies on the epigenetics of carotid artery atherosclerosis -- 5 Summary and conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 11 Disease-discordant twin studies of epigenetics and cancer -- 1 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12 Sex differences in epigenetic profiles: The value of twin studies -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Sex differences in genetic and environmental causes of variation -- 1.2 The epidemiologic approach: Within-pair differences in male-female twins -- 2 Demonstration -- 2.1 Results -- 2.1.1 Correlations -- 2.1.2 Within-pair mean differences in age acceleration -- 2.1.3 Probe-by-probe within-pair differences -- 3 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3: Emerging approach -- Chapter 13 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study the causes of epigenetic variation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study the causes of epigenetic variation -- 2.1 SNP heritability -- 2.2 Estimating total heritability based on measured genetic relationships -- 2.3 Estimating total and SNP heritability simultaneously -- 2.4 Application to DNA methylation data from blood -- 2.4.1 Classical twin model -- 2.4.2 Heritability based on measured genetic relationships -- 2.5 Interaction with sex and age -- 2.5.1 Sex interaction results -- 2.5.2 Age interaction results -- 2.5.3 Integration with findings from EWASs of diseases, traits, and exposures -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Further applications -- 3 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study cause and effect -- 3.1 Mendelian Randomization -- 3.2 Mendelian Randomization meets the classical twin design -- 3.3 Overall prospects and potential limitations of the MR methods -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4 Overall conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Imaging epigenetics and the radiogenomics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The role of imaging in twin studies -- 3 Radiogenomics -- 3.1 Lung cancer -- 3.2 Breast cancer. , 3.3 Prostate cancer.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-820951-8

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (376 pages)

ISBN: 0-12-820952-6

Series Statement: Translational epigenetics series v.Volume 27

Note: Front Cover -- Twin and Family Studies of Epigenetics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part 1: Introduction -- Chapter 1 Value of twin and family study designs for epigenetic research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Quantifying genetic and environmental influences on variation in epigenetic modification, heritability and the equal e ... -- 3 Controlling for the effects of genetic and non-genetic factors shared within the family -- 4 Facilitating causation assessment -- 5 Addressing issues of specific relevance to twins -- 6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Evaluation and measurement of epigenetic modifications in population-based studies -- 1 What is epigenetics? -- 1.1 Epigenetic mechanisms -- 1.2 Why study epigenetics? -- 2 Profiling epigenetic alterations -- 2.1 DNA methylation profiling technologies -- 2.2 Histone modification profiling -- 2.3 Chromatin structure profiling -- 3 Analysis of epigenetic profiling -- 3.1 Sequencing data -- 3.2 Array-based data -- 4 Public epigenetic resources -- 5 Future directions -- Conflicts of interest, Acknowledgments, Funding information, and Author contributions -- References -- Part 2: Human health applications -- Chapter 3 Discordant monozygotic twin studies of epigenetic mechanisms in mental health -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Psychiatric epigenetics -- 1.2 Scope of this chapter -- 2 An overview of MZ twin studies of epigenetic mechanisms in personality behavior and mental health -- 2.1 Autism spectrum disorders -- 2.2 Externalizing problems and ADHD -- 2.3 Schizophrenia, psychosis, and bipolar disorder -- 2.4 Depression -- 3 Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 DNA methylation and breast cancer risk: value of twin and family studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Within-family designs -- 3 Designs enriched for breast cancer familial features. , 3.1 Enriched for familial risk -- 3.2 Enriched for BRCA1 -like features -- 4 Other study designs -- 5 Literature summaries -- 6 Example study -- 6.1 Study sample -- 6.2 Associations between DNA methylation measures and breast cancer risk -- 6.3 Implications of the study findings -- 7 Future directions -- 8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Twin and family studies on epigenetics and oral health -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dental caries -- 2.1 Dental caries: An overview -- 2.2 Twin and family studies of dental caries -- 2.3 Twins reared apart -- 2.4 Classical twin studies in dental caries -- 2.5 Twin and family studies to understand dental caries: Beyond heritability -- 2.6 Twin/Family studies of oral microbiome -- 2.7 Twin/Family studies of genetics and dental caries -- 2.8 Epigenetic research in dental caries -- 2.9 Gene-environment interactions -- 3 Twin and family studies of epigenetics and enamel hypomineralization -- 3.1 Molar incisor hypomineralization: An overview -- 3.2 Enamel formation -- 3.3 Twin and family studies of enamel hypomineralization -- 3.4 Genetic studies of MIH -- 3.5 Epigenetic studies of enamel hypomineralization -- 4 Twin and family studies of epigenetics and periodontal disease -- 4.1 Periodontal disease -- 4.2 Genetic contribution to periodontal disease -- 4.3 Recent epigenetics studies on periodontal disease -- 4.4 Local epigenetic mechanisms for periodontal disease -- 4.5 Future directions for twin studies on epigenetics of periodontal disease -- 5 Twin and family studies of tooth morphology and emergence -- 6 Challenges facing twin and family genetic and epigenetic studies of dental caries -- 6.1 Recruitment -- 6.2 Expertise in twin and -omic statistical methods -- 6.3 Phenotype definition: Dental caries -- 6.4 Phenotype definition: MIH -- 7 Summary -- References. , Chapter 6 Twin and family epigenetic studies of type 2 diabetes -- 1 What is type 2 diabetes? -- 2 T2D and epigenetics -- 2.1 Epigenetics and type 2 diabetes risk factors -- 2.2 Findings from epigenetics and T2D association studies in unrelated subjects -- 3 T2D epigenetics in twin and family studies -- 3.1 Epigenetic findings from twin and family studies of T2D -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Twin and family studies on epigenetics and obesity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Twin studies of epigenetics and obesity -- 2.1 Twin studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with BMI and obesity -- 2.2 Twin studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with adiposity measures -- 3 Family studies of epigenetics and obesity -- 3.1 Family studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with obesity and metabolic disease -- 3.2 Epigenetically mediated intergenerational factors associated with obesity -- 3.3 Maternal factors -- 3.3.1 Maternal diabetes -- 3.3.2 Maternal BMI -- 3.3.3 Maternal famine exposure -- 3.3.4 Maternal smoking -- 3.3.5 Maternal nutrition -- 3.4 Paternal factors -- 3.5 Postnatal factors -- 3.5.1 Childhood adversity -- 3.5.2 Breast feeding -- 3.5.3 Smoking -- 4 Limitations of the data presented -- 5 Conclusions -- Declaration of interest -- References -- Chapter 8 DNA methylation and blood pressure in Chinese adult twins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Participants -- 2.2 Measurements -- 2.3 Sample collection and processing -- 2.4 DNA extraction and methylation analysis -- 2.5 Zygosity analysis -- 2.6 Quality control of the DNA methylation data -- 3 Statistical analysis -- 3.1 Analysis of blood pressure and methylation -- 3.2 Analysis of the methylation difference between MZ discordant for hypertension -- 3.3 Sensitivity analysis -- 3.4 Validation analysis -- 3.5 Enrichment analysis -- 4 Results. , 4.1 Demographic characteristics -- 4.2 DNA methylation and blood pressure -- 4.3 DNA methylation and hypertension -- 4.4 Sensitivity analysis -- 4.5 Validation analysis -- 4.6 Enrichment analysis -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Twin and family studies on epigenetics of autoimmune diseases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The human immune system -- 2.1 Innate immune system -- 2.2 Adaptive immune system -- 2.3 Immunological tolerance -- 2.4 Epigenetic alterations in immunity -- 3 Autoimmune diseases -- 3.1 Epidemiology -- 3.2 Pathogenesis of autoimmunity -- 3.3 Risks -- 3.4 Symptoms -- 3.5 Diagnosis -- 3.6 Treatment -- 4 Twin and family-based studies of autoimmune diseases and epigenetics -- 4.1 Systemic autoimmune diseases -- 4.1.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus -- 4.1.2 Rheumatoid arthritis -- 4.1.3 Systemic sclerosis -- 4.2 Autoimmune disease in the endocrine system -- 4.2.1 The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis -- 4.2.2 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis -- 4.2.3 Other endocrine conditions, conditions affecting multiple axes -- 4.2.4 Type-1 diabetes mellitus -- 4.3 Autoimmune diseases in the gastrointestinal system -- 4.3.1 Inflammatory bowel diseases -- 4.3.2 Coeliac disease -- 4.3.3 Primary biliary cholangitis -- 4.4 Other autoimmune diseases -- 4.4.1 Multiple sclerosis -- 4.4.2 Sjogren's syndrome -- 4.4.3 Psoriasis -- 5 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10 Twin studies on the epigenetics of selected neurological disorders and carotid artery disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Twin studies on the epigenetics of multiple sclerosis -- 3 Twin studies on the epigenetics of Alzheimer's disease -- 4 Twin studies on the epigenetics of carotid artery atherosclerosis -- 5 Summary and conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 11 Disease-discordant twin studies of epigenetics and cancer -- 1 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12 Sex differences in epigenetic profiles: The value of twin studies -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Sex differences in genetic and environmental causes of variation -- 1.2 The epidemiologic approach: Within-pair differences in male-female twins -- 2 Demonstration -- 2.1 Results -- 2.1.1 Correlations -- 2.1.2 Within-pair mean differences in age acceleration -- 2.1.3 Probe-by-probe within-pair differences -- 3 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3: Emerging approach -- Chapter 13 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study the causes of epigenetic variation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study the causes of epigenetic variation -- 2.1 SNP heritability -- 2.2 Estimating total heritability based on measured genetic relationships -- 2.3 Estimating total and SNP heritability simultaneously -- 2.4 Application to DNA methylation data from blood -- 2.4.1 Classical twin model -- 2.4.2 Heritability based on measured genetic relationships -- 2.5 Interaction with sex and age -- 2.5.1 Sex interaction results -- 2.5.2 Age interaction results -- 2.5.3 Integration with findings from EWASs of diseases, traits, and exposures -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Further applications -- 3 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study cause and effect -- 3.1 Mendelian Randomization -- 3.2 Mendelian Randomization meets the classical twin design -- 3.3 Overall prospects and potential limitations of the MR methods -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4 Overall conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Imaging epigenetics and the radiogenomics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The role of imaging in twin studies -- 3 Radiogenomics -- 3.1 Lung cancer -- 3.2 Breast cancer. , 3.3 Prostate cancer.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-820951-8

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (376 pages)

ISBN: 0-12-820952-6

Series Statement: Translational epigenetics series v.Volume 27

Note: Front Cover -- Twin and Family Studies of Epigenetics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part 1: Introduction -- Chapter 1 Value of twin and family study designs for epigenetic research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Quantifying genetic and environmental influences on variation in epigenetic modification, heritability and the equal e ... -- 3 Controlling for the effects of genetic and non-genetic factors shared within the family -- 4 Facilitating causation assessment -- 5 Addressing issues of specific relevance to twins -- 6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Evaluation and measurement of epigenetic modifications in population-based studies -- 1 What is epigenetics? -- 1.1 Epigenetic mechanisms -- 1.2 Why study epigenetics? -- 2 Profiling epigenetic alterations -- 2.1 DNA methylation profiling technologies -- 2.2 Histone modification profiling -- 2.3 Chromatin structure profiling -- 3 Analysis of epigenetic profiling -- 3.1 Sequencing data -- 3.2 Array-based data -- 4 Public epigenetic resources -- 5 Future directions -- Conflicts of interest, Acknowledgments, Funding information, and Author contributions -- References -- Part 2: Human health applications -- Chapter 3 Discordant monozygotic twin studies of epigenetic mechanisms in mental health -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Psychiatric epigenetics -- 1.2 Scope of this chapter -- 2 An overview of MZ twin studies of epigenetic mechanisms in personality behavior and mental health -- 2.1 Autism spectrum disorders -- 2.2 Externalizing problems and ADHD -- 2.3 Schizophrenia, psychosis, and bipolar disorder -- 2.4 Depression -- 3 Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 DNA methylation and breast cancer risk: value of twin and family studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Within-family designs -- 3 Designs enriched for breast cancer familial features. , 3.1 Enriched for familial risk -- 3.2 Enriched for BRCA1 -like features -- 4 Other study designs -- 5 Literature summaries -- 6 Example study -- 6.1 Study sample -- 6.2 Associations between DNA methylation measures and breast cancer risk -- 6.3 Implications of the study findings -- 7 Future directions -- 8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Twin and family studies on epigenetics and oral health -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dental caries -- 2.1 Dental caries: An overview -- 2.2 Twin and family studies of dental caries -- 2.3 Twins reared apart -- 2.4 Classical twin studies in dental caries -- 2.5 Twin and family studies to understand dental caries: Beyond heritability -- 2.6 Twin/Family studies of oral microbiome -- 2.7 Twin/Family studies of genetics and dental caries -- 2.8 Epigenetic research in dental caries -- 2.9 Gene-environment interactions -- 3 Twin and family studies of epigenetics and enamel hypomineralization -- 3.1 Molar incisor hypomineralization: An overview -- 3.2 Enamel formation -- 3.3 Twin and family studies of enamel hypomineralization -- 3.4 Genetic studies of MIH -- 3.5 Epigenetic studies of enamel hypomineralization -- 4 Twin and family studies of epigenetics and periodontal disease -- 4.1 Periodontal disease -- 4.2 Genetic contribution to periodontal disease -- 4.3 Recent epigenetics studies on periodontal disease -- 4.4 Local epigenetic mechanisms for periodontal disease -- 4.5 Future directions for twin studies on epigenetics of periodontal disease -- 5 Twin and family studies of tooth morphology and emergence -- 6 Challenges facing twin and family genetic and epigenetic studies of dental caries -- 6.1 Recruitment -- 6.2 Expertise in twin and -omic statistical methods -- 6.3 Phenotype definition: Dental caries -- 6.4 Phenotype definition: MIH -- 7 Summary -- References. , Chapter 6 Twin and family epigenetic studies of type 2 diabetes -- 1 What is type 2 diabetes? -- 2 T2D and epigenetics -- 2.1 Epigenetics and type 2 diabetes risk factors -- 2.2 Findings from epigenetics and T2D association studies in unrelated subjects -- 3 T2D epigenetics in twin and family studies -- 3.1 Epigenetic findings from twin and family studies of T2D -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Twin and family studies on epigenetics and obesity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Twin studies of epigenetics and obesity -- 2.1 Twin studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with BMI and obesity -- 2.2 Twin studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with adiposity measures -- 3 Family studies of epigenetics and obesity -- 3.1 Family studies identifying epigenetic marks associated with obesity and metabolic disease -- 3.2 Epigenetically mediated intergenerational factors associated with obesity -- 3.3 Maternal factors -- 3.3.1 Maternal diabetes -- 3.3.2 Maternal BMI -- 3.3.3 Maternal famine exposure -- 3.3.4 Maternal smoking -- 3.3.5 Maternal nutrition -- 3.4 Paternal factors -- 3.5 Postnatal factors -- 3.5.1 Childhood adversity -- 3.5.2 Breast feeding -- 3.5.3 Smoking -- 4 Limitations of the data presented -- 5 Conclusions -- Declaration of interest -- References -- Chapter 8 DNA methylation and blood pressure in Chinese adult twins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Participants -- 2.2 Measurements -- 2.3 Sample collection and processing -- 2.4 DNA extraction and methylation analysis -- 2.5 Zygosity analysis -- 2.6 Quality control of the DNA methylation data -- 3 Statistical analysis -- 3.1 Analysis of blood pressure and methylation -- 3.2 Analysis of the methylation difference between MZ discordant for hypertension -- 3.3 Sensitivity analysis -- 3.4 Validation analysis -- 3.5 Enrichment analysis -- 4 Results. , 4.1 Demographic characteristics -- 4.2 DNA methylation and blood pressure -- 4.3 DNA methylation and hypertension -- 4.4 Sensitivity analysis -- 4.5 Validation analysis -- 4.6 Enrichment analysis -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Twin and family studies on epigenetics of autoimmune diseases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The human immune system -- 2.1 Innate immune system -- 2.2 Adaptive immune system -- 2.3 Immunological tolerance -- 2.4 Epigenetic alterations in immunity -- 3 Autoimmune diseases -- 3.1 Epidemiology -- 3.2 Pathogenesis of autoimmunity -- 3.3 Risks -- 3.4 Symptoms -- 3.5 Diagnosis -- 3.6 Treatment -- 4 Twin and family-based studies of autoimmune diseases and epigenetics -- 4.1 Systemic autoimmune diseases -- 4.1.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus -- 4.1.2 Rheumatoid arthritis -- 4.1.3 Systemic sclerosis -- 4.2 Autoimmune disease in the endocrine system -- 4.2.1 The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis -- 4.2.2 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis -- 4.2.3 Other endocrine conditions, conditions affecting multiple axes -- 4.2.4 Type-1 diabetes mellitus -- 4.3 Autoimmune diseases in the gastrointestinal system -- 4.3.1 Inflammatory bowel diseases -- 4.3.2 Coeliac disease -- 4.3.3 Primary biliary cholangitis -- 4.4 Other autoimmune diseases -- 4.4.1 Multiple sclerosis -- 4.4.2 Sjogren's syndrome -- 4.4.3 Psoriasis -- 5 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10 Twin studies on the epigenetics of selected neurological disorders and carotid artery disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Twin studies on the epigenetics of multiple sclerosis -- 3 Twin studies on the epigenetics of Alzheimer's disease -- 4 Twin studies on the epigenetics of carotid artery atherosclerosis -- 5 Summary and conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 11 Disease-discordant twin studies of epigenetics and cancer -- 1 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12 Sex differences in epigenetic profiles: The value of twin studies -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Sex differences in genetic and environmental causes of variation -- 1.2 The epidemiologic approach: Within-pair differences in male-female twins -- 2 Demonstration -- 2.1 Results -- 2.1.1 Correlations -- 2.1.2 Within-pair mean differences in age acceleration -- 2.1.3 Probe-by-probe within-pair differences -- 3 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3: Emerging approach -- Chapter 13 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study the causes of epigenetic variation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study the causes of epigenetic variation -- 2.1 SNP heritability -- 2.2 Estimating total heritability based on measured genetic relationships -- 2.3 Estimating total and SNP heritability simultaneously -- 2.4 Application to DNA methylation data from blood -- 2.4.1 Classical twin model -- 2.4.2 Heritability based on measured genetic relationships -- 2.5 Interaction with sex and age -- 2.5.1 Sex interaction results -- 2.5.2 Age interaction results -- 2.5.3 Integration with findings from EWASs of diseases, traits, and exposures -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Further applications -- 3 Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study cause and effect -- 3.1 Mendelian Randomization -- 3.2 Mendelian Randomization meets the classical twin design -- 3.3 Overall prospects and potential limitations of the MR methods -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4 Overall conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Imaging epigenetics and the radiogenomics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The role of imaging in twin studies -- 3 Radiogenomics -- 3.1 Lung cancer -- 3.2 Breast cancer. , 3.3 Prostate cancer.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-820951-8

Language: English