UID:
almafu_9960116995802883
Format:
1 online resource (xiii, 517 pages) :
,
digital, PDF file(s).
ISBN:
1-316-66607-7
,
1-316-66712-X
,
1-107-28622-0
Content:
Understanding ecosystem structure and function requires familiarity with the techniques, knowledge and concepts of the three disciplines of plant physiology, remote sensing and modelling. This is the first textbook to provide the fundamentals of these three domains in a single volume. It then applies cross-disciplinary insights to multiple case studies in vegetation and landscape science. A key feature of these case studies is an examination of relationships among climate, vegetation structure and vegetation function, to address fundamental research questions. This book is for advanced students and researchers who need to understand and apply knowledge from the disciplines of plant physiology, remote sensing and modelling. It allows readers to integrate and synthesise knowledge to produce a holistic understanding of the structure, function and behaviour of forests, woodlands and grasslands.
Note:
Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 06 Jun 2016).
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Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Section One Plant Ecophysiology -- 1 An Introduction to Biogeography: Broad-Scale Relationships Amongst Climate... -- 1.1 Large-Scale Patterns in Climate -- 1.1.1 The Solar Constant and the Earth's Tilt -- 1.1.2 Latitudinal Gradients in Temperature -- 1.1.3 Evaporative Demand and the Water Balance Coefficient -- 1.2 Climate Classification Systems -- 1.2.1 Altitude and Aspect Modify Broad-Scale Patterns in Climate -- 1.3 Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation Influence Regional Climates -- 1.3.1 Atmospheric Circulations -- 1.3.2 Oceanic Circulation -- 1.4 Biome Classification Systems -- 1.4.1 Holdridge Life Zones -- 1.4.2 The Whittaker Biome Classification -- 1.5 Classifying Vegetation by Function and Form -- 1.5.1 Ecohydrological Types -- 1.5.2 Plant Functional Types -- 1.6 Global Traits of Leaf Attributes and Leaf Function -- 1.7 Leaf Lifespan: "Live Fast Die Young" Interpreted Through Cost-Benefit Analysis -- 1.8 Root Depth as a Function of PFTs -- 1.9 References -- 2 An Introduction to Plant Structure and Ecophysiology -- 2.1 Leaf Anatomy and Leaf Attributes -- 2.1.1 Leaf Attributes, with Particular Reference to Remote Sensing -- 2.2 Vascular Tissues -- 2.2.1 Xylem -- 2.2.2 Phloem: Structure and Function -- 2.2.3 Phloem Loading -- 2.2.4 Phloem Sap Velocity and Coupling Photosynthesis to Soil Respiration -- 2.3 Root Anatomy -- 2.4 Stomatal, Mesophyll and Canopy Conductances -- 2.4.1 Stomatal Structure, Physiology and Conductance -- 2.4.2 Stomatal Opening and Closing -- 2.4.3 Stomatal Behaviour Under Controlled Conditions and in the Field -- 2.4.4 Light, Vapour Pressure Deficit and Soil Moisture Content Regulate Stomatal Conductance -- 2.4.5 Three-Phase Response of Stomata and the Interaction of Soil Moisture Content and VPD in the Control of gs.
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2.4.6 Mesophyll Conductance -- 2.4.7 Canopy Conductance -- 2.4.8 Alternate Methods to Calculate Canopy Conductance -- 2.4.9 Behaviour of Gc and Transpiration in the Field: A Modified Jarvis-Stewart Model -- 2.4.10 The Decoupling Factor -- 2.5 Photosynthetic Processes: Leaf-Scale -- 2.5.1 Photochemistry -- 2.5.2 Electron Transport and the Synthesis of ATP and NADPH -- 2.5.3 Linear and Cyclic Electron Flow -- 2.5.4 Photosynthetic C Fixation by Leaves -- 2.5.5 A/Ci Curves and Their Interpretation -- 2.5.6 Light Response Curves of Photosynthesis -- 2.5.7 Canopy Uptake of CO2 -- 2.6 GPP, NPP and NEE -- 2.6.1 Patterns of CO2 Flux in the Field -- 2.6.2 Simple Modelling of Carbon Flux and LAI -- 2.7 Optimisation Theory as Applied to Leaf-Scale CO2 and Water Fluxes -- 2.8 Water-Use-Efficiencies of Leaves and Canopies -- 2.8.1 Using Stable Isotopes to Assess WUE and WUEi -- 2.9 Trade-off of N versus Water Allows Maintenance of High Rates of Photosynthesis in Arid Sites -- 2.10 Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Drought -- 2.11 References -- 3 Water Relations, Hydraulic Architecture and Transpiration by Plants -- 3.1 Functions and Properties of Water -- 3.2 The Water Relations of Plant Cells -- 3.2.1 Free Energy and Work -- 3.2.2 Solute Potential -- 3.2.3 Turgor Potential -- 3.2.4 Water Potential -- 3.2.5 Matric and Gravity Potentials -- 3.2.6 Hofler Diagrams -- 3.3 Water in the Atmosphere -- 3.4 Daily and Seasonal Patterns of Leaf Water Potential -- 3.5 Anisohydric versus Isohydric Leaves -- 3.6 Transpiration at the Leaf and Plant Scale -- 3.6.1 Water Uptake and Drivers of Transpiration -- 3.6.2 Nocturnal Transpiration -- 3.7 Hydraulic Architecture -- 3.7.1 Hydraulic Conductance and Conductivity -- 3.7.2 Leaf Hydraulics, Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthesis.
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3.7.3 Leaf Hydraulic Conductance Correlates with Leaf Lifespan -- 3.7.4 Xylem Vulnerability to Embolism -- 3.7.4 Hydraulic Safety -- 3.7.5 Xylem Hydraulic Safety Margins, Sapwood Capacitance and Mid-Day Stomatal Closure -- 3.7.6 Xylem Repair -- 3.7.7 Huber Value -- 3.8 Field Studies of Hydraulic Architecture of Stands of Trees -- 3.8.1 Hydraulic Limits to Growth of Tall Trees -- 3.9 References -- Section Two Remote Sensing -- 4 An Overview of Remote Sensing -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A Framework of Remote Sensing -- 4.3 Advantages of Remote Sensing -- 4.3.1 Global and Synoptic Coverage of the Earth's surface -- 4.3.2 Multi-Scale Observations -- 4.3.3 Observations Over the Non-Visible Regions of the Spectrum -- 4.3.4 Repeat Acquisitions -- 4.3.5 Real-Time Observations -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 4.5 References -- 5 Fundamentals and Physical Principles of Remote Sensing -- 5.1 Fundamentals of the Remote Sensing Signal -- 5.2 Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 5.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 5.4 Basic Energy Concepts -- 5.5 Defining Spectral Units -- 5.6 Defining Directional Quantities -- 5.7 Introduction to Thermal Measurements -- 5.8. The Role and Influence of the Atmosphere -- 5.8.1 Atmospheric Absorptions -- 5.8.2 Atmospheric Scattering -- 5.9 References -- 6 Satellite Sensors and Platforms -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sensor Resolution -- 6.2.1 Spatial Resolution -- 6.2.2 Spectral Resolution -- 6.2.3 Temporal Resolution -- 6.2.4 Radiometric Resolution -- 6.2.5 Optimum Sensor Resolution -- 6.2.6 Angular Resolution and Properties -- 6.3 Orbital Systems -- 6.3.1 Geostationary Orbits -- 6.3.2 Low Inclined Orbits -- 6.3.3 Polar Orbiting (Sun-Synchronous) -- 6.4 Hyperspectral Sensors -- 6.5 Microwave Sensors -- 6.6 Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence -- 6.7 LiDAR -- 6.8 GRACE -- 6.9 Airborne Sensors -- 6.10 Continuity and Fusion of Data.
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6.10.1 Multi-Sensor Data Fusion -- 6.11 References -- 7 Remote Sensing of Landscape Biophysical Properties -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Spectral Signatures -- 7.2.1 Vegetation Optics -- 7.2.2 Non-Photosynthetic Vegetation -- 7.2.3 Soil Spectral Signatures -- 7.3 Landscape Optics -- 7.4 Canopy Biophysics -- 7.4.1 Spectral Vegetation Indices -- 7.4.2 Linear Combination and Spectral Mixture Analysis -- 7.4.3 Vegetation Water Indices -- 7.4.4 Use of Multiple Vegetation Indices -- 7.4.5 LAI and Fractional Cover -- 7.4.6 fAPAR and Productivity -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 7.6 References -- Section Three Modelling -- 8 An Introduction to Modelling in Plant Ecophysiology -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Canopy Photosynthesis and Water Flow through the SPAC -- 8.2.1 Processes and Up-Scaling in Modelling -- 8.2.2 Canopy Radiation, Turbulence and Water Exchange -- 8.2.3 General Concepts of Water and Carbon Flux Modelling within the SPAC -- 8.3 References -- 9 Modelling Radiation Exchange and Energy Balances of Leaves and Canopies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Solar Radiation -- 9.2.1 Global Radiation (Ex-Terrestrial Radiation) -- 9.2.2 Land Surface Solar Radiation -- 9.2.3 Derivation of Solar Radiation Over Land Surfaces from Meteorological Variables -- 9.2.4 Incoming Atmospheric Long Wave Radiation -- 9.2.5 Parameterisation Schemes -- 9.2.6 Energy Balance Over Land Surface -- 9.2.7 Radiation Exchange within Plant Canopies -- 9.3 Canopy Light Environment -- 9.3.1 Canopy Structure -- 9.3.2 Canopy Light Extinction Coefficient and Albedo -- 9.3.3 The Distribution of Direct Beam Radiation within a Canopy -- 9.3.4 Diffuse Radiation Distribution -- 9.4 References -- 10 Modelling Leaf and Canopy Photosynthesis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Models of Leaf-Scale Photosynthesis -- 10.2.1 Light Response Curves -- 10.2.2 CO2 Response Model of Photosynthesis.
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10.3 Modelling the Biochemistry of Photosynthesis -- 10.3.1 Biochemical Models -- 10.3.2 Simulation of Dynamic Change in Photosystems: Photoinhibition -- 10.4 Parameter Optimisation for Photosynthesis Models -- 10.4.1 Fitting Model equations -- 10.4.2 Parameterization for a Set of Combined equations of Photosynthesis -- 10.5 Modelling Canopy Photosynthesis -- 10.5.1 General Form of Canopy Photosynthetic Rate -- 10.5.2 Daily Canopy Photosynthesis (Pcd) -- 10.5.3 Big-Leaf Photosynthesis Models -- 10.5.4 Two-Leaf Photosynthesis Models -- 10.5.5 Multi-Layer Photosynthesis Models -- 10.6 References -- 11 Modelling Stomatal and Canopy Conductance -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Semi-Empirical Models of Stomatal Conductance -- 11.2.1 The Jarvis Model -- 11.2.2 Ball-Woodrow-Berry Types Models -- 11.3 Models Based on Conservative Water-Use-Efficiency -- 11.4 Canopy Conductance/Resistance Models -- 11.4.1 Canopy Conductance Based On a Two-Leaf Canopy Model -- 11.4.2 Canopy Conductance Based on Multi-Layered Canopies -- 11.5 References -- 12 Modelling Leaf and Canopy Transpiration and the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Canopy Radiation Exchange -- 12.2.1 Radiation Interception -- 12.2.2 Turbulent Transfer of Energy and Mass Within and Above a Canopy -- 12.2.3 Physiological Responses and Feedbacks -- 12.3 Transpiration at the Leaf-Scale -- 12.3.1 Leaf Energy Balance -- 12.4 Water Flow through the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum and Evapotranspiration Models -- 12.4.1 A Framework for Model Consideration -- 12.4.2 Evapotranspiration Models -- The Penman Equation -- The Penman-Monteith Equation -- The Priestley-Taylor equation -- The Crop Coefficient -- 12.4.3 Two-Source Models -- 12.4.4 Multi-Source Models -- 12.5 Microclimate Within and Over Canopies -- 12.5.1 Aerodynamic Resistance -- 12.6 Soil Water and Heat Dynamics.
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12.6.1 Root Water Uptake.
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English
Additional Edition:
ISBN 1-107-05420-6
Additional Edition:
ISBN 1-107-65666-4
Language:
English
Subjects:
Biology
URL:
Volltext
(URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107286221
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