UID:
almafu_9960117616102883
Format:
1 online resource (xv, 498 pages) :
,
digital, PDF file(s).
ISBN:
1-316-78415-0
,
1-316-78639-0
,
1-139-00398-4
Content:
Salt tectonics is the study of how and why salt structures evolve and the three-dimensional forms that result. A fascinating branch of geology in itself, salt tectonics is also vitally important to the petroleum industry. Covering the entire scale from the microscopic to the continental, this textbook is an unrivalled consolidation of all topics related to salt tectonics: evaporite deposition and flow, salt structures, salt systems, and practical applications. Coverage of the principles of salt tectonics is supported by more than 600 color illustrations, including 200 seismic images captured by state-of-the-art geophysical techniques and tectonic models from the Applied Geodynamics Laboratory at the University of Texas. These combine to provide a cohesive and wide-ranging insight into this extremely visual subject. This is the definitive practical handbook for professional geologists and geophysicists in the petroleum industry, an invaluable textbook for graduate students, and a reference textbook for researchers in various geoscience fields.
Note:
Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 31 Jan 2017).
,
Cover -- Half-title -- Reviews -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Case Studies -- List of Symbols -- Part I Evaporite Deposition and Flow -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Importance of Salt -- 1.2 Importance of Salt Tectonics -- 1.3 Discovery of Diapirism -- 1.4 Basic Concepts in Salt Tectonics -- 1.4.1 Types of Salt Structures -- 1.4.2 Overburden Geometry as a Record of Salt Tectonics -- Chapter 2 Evaporites and Their Deposition -- 2.1 Evaporite Minerals -- 2.2 Evaporite Precipitation -- 2.2.1 Rates of Precipitation -- 2.2.2 Marine and Nonmarine Brines -- 2.3 Brine Reactions -- 2.4 Textures of Evaporites -- 2.5 Depositional Environments of Evaporites -- 2.5.1 Saline Giants and Uniformitarianism -- 2.5.2 Depositional Environments of Ancient Evaporites -- 2.5.3 Basinwide Evaporite Basins -- 2.5.4 Marine-Platform Evaporite Basins -- 2.5.5 Continental Evaporite Basins -- 2.6 Plate Tectonic Cycles and Evaporite Deposition -- 2.6.1 Rodinia Breakup: 650-550 Ma -- 2.6.2 Iapetus Ocean: 540-490 Ma -- 2.6.3 Pangea: 290-210 Ma -- 2.6.4 Early Pangea Rifting: 210-150 Ma -- 2.6.5 Late Pangea Rifting: 124-122 Ma -- 2.6.6 Tethys Ocean Closure: 10-5 Ma -- 2.6.7 Plate Tectonics and Potash Evaporites -- 2.7 Hydrothermal Salts -- 2.7.1 Shock Crystallization of Salts from Supercritical Brine -- 2.7.2 Solar versus Supercritical Precipitation -- Chapter 3 Salt Flow -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Rock Mechanics of Halite -- 3.2.1 Elastic Deformation -- 3.2.2 Fracture Strength -- 3.2.3 Creep Rheology -- 3.3 Microstructures of Rock Salt -- 3.3.1 Microcracking and Cataclastic Flow -- 3.3.2 Dislocation Creep -- 3.3.3 Solution-Precipitation Creep -- 3.3.4 Deformation Mechanism and Viscosity -- 3.3.5 Flow Laws -- 3.3.6 Deformation-Mechanism Maps -- 3.3.7 Microstructures and Stresses within Diapiric Salt.
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3.3.8 Microstructures and Stresses within Extrusive Salt -- 3.3.9 Microstructural Evolution and Mylonitization -- 3.3.10 Evaporite Dilation at Depth -- 3.4 Rheology and Microstructures of Nonhalite Evaporites -- 3.4.1 Anhydrite -- 3.4.2 Gypsum -- 3.4.3 Carnallite and Bischofite -- 3.4.4 Polymineralic Evaporites -- 3.5 Strength of Rock Salt Compared with Country Rock -- 3.6 Summary of Rock Mechanics and Deformation Mechanisms -- 3.6.1 Rheology of Pure and Mixed Evaporites -- 3.6.2 Deformation Mechanisms and Microstructures in Rock Salt -- 3.6.3 Salt Behaving Badly: Brittle, Dilatant, and Permeable -- 3.6.4 Micro Salt Tectonics -- 3.7 Strain Rates in Salt Tectonics -- 3.8 Why Salt Flows -- 3.8.1 Energy Potential in Salt Tectonics -- 3.8.2 Forces in Salt Tectonics -- 3.8.3 Forces Driving Salt Flow -- 3.8.3.1 Gravitational Loading -- 3.8.3.2 Displacement Loading -- 3.8.3.3 Thermal Loading -- 3.8.4 Forces Resisting Salt Flow -- 3.8.4.1 Strength of Overburden -- 3.8.4.2 Boundary Drag -- 3.9 Modeling of Salt Tectonics -- 3.9.1 Scaling -- 3.9.2 Physical Models -- 3.9.3 Mathematical Models -- Part II Salt Structures -- Chapter 4 Salt Pillows and Salt Anticlines -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Formation of Salt-Cored Folds by Halokinesis -- 4.2.1 Mechanics -- 4.2.2 Diagnostic Features -- 4.2.3 Crestal Structures -- 4.3 Formation of Salt-Cored Folds by Shortening -- 4.3.1 Diagnostic Features -- 4.3.2 Contractional Fold Geometries -- 4.3.2.1 Shortening of a Prekinematic, Originally Flat-Lying Layer -- 4.3.2.2 Shortening of Precursor Structures -- 4.3.3 Crestal Structures -- 4.3.4 Salt Flow during Shortening -- 4.4 Formation of Salt-Cored Folds by Extension -- Chapter 5 Salt Stocks and Salt Walls -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Reactive Diapirism -- 5.2.1 Mechanism of Reactive Diapirism -- 5.2.2 Structural Style of Reactive Diapirs -- 5.3 Active Diapirism.
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5.3.1 Mechanisms of Active Rise -- 5.3.1.1 Halokinetic Active Rise -- 5.3.1.2 Contractional Active Rise -- 5.3.2 Structural Style of Active Diapirs -- 5.3.2.1 Arched Roofs -- 5.3.2.2 Upturned Collars -- 5.3.3 Apparent Active Rise: Arching of a Diapir's Roof by Compaction -- 5.4 Passive Diapirism -- 5.4.1 Mechanism of Passive Diapirism -- 5.4.1.1 Historical Review -- 5.4.1.2 Initiation of Passive Diapirs -- 5.4.1.3 Growth of Passive Diapirs -- 5.4.1.4 Diapiric Freeboard -- 5.4.2 Structural Style of Passive Diapirs -- 5.4.2.1 Halokinetic Sequences -- 5.4.2.2 Controls on Cross-Sectional Shapes of Passive Diapirs -- 5.4.2.3 Salt Wings -- 5.5 Evolution of Diapirs -- 5.5.1 Changes in Sedimentation Rate -- 5.5.2 Changes in Salt Supply -- 5.5.3 Erosion -- 5.5.4 Regional Extension -- 5.5.5 Regional Shortening -- 5.6 Diapir-Flank Faults -- 5.6.1 Radial Faults -- 5.6.2 Ring Faults -- 5.7 Diapir Pinch-Off -- 5.8 End of Diapir Growth -- 5.9 Diapir Fall -- 5.10 Dissolution of Salt Diapirs -- 5.10.1 Dissolution on Land -- 5.10.2 Dissolution under Water -- 5.10.3 Cap Rock -- Chapter 6 Salt Sheets and Salt Canopies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Styles of Advance -- 6.2.1 Historical Review -- 6.2.2 Extrusive Advance -- 6.2.3 Open-Toed Advance -- 6.2.4 Thrust Advance -- 6.2.4.1 Roof-Edge Thrusts -- 6.2.4.2 Imbricate Wedges -- 6.2.4.3 Salt-Roof Thrusts -- 6.2.5 Salt-Wing Intrusion -- 6.3 Lineages -- 6.3.1 Plug-Fed Extrusions -- 6.3.1.1 Sheet Initiation -- 6.3.1.2 Roof Deposition -- 6.3.1.3 Thrust Advance -- 6.3.2 Plug-Fed Thrusts -- 6.3.3 Source-Fed Thrusts -- 6.4 Canopies and Sutures -- 6.4.1 Autosutures -- 6.4.1.1 Overriding Autosutures -- 6.4.1.2 Encircling Autosutures -- 6.4.2 Allosutures -- 6.4.2.1 Symmetric Allosutures -- 6.4.2.2 Asymmetric Allosutures -- 6.5 Salt-Evacuation Systems -- 6.5.1 Roho System -- 6.5.2 Counterregional System -- 6.5.3 Salt-Stock Canopy.
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6.6 Carapace Blocks and Far-Traveled Minibasins -- 6.7 Basal Shear versus Frontal Rolling -- Chapter 7 Minibasins -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Structure of Primary Minibasins -- 7.3 Structure of Secondary Minibasins -- 7.3.1 Bowl Minibasins -- 7.3.2 Bucket Minibasins -- 7.4 Encased Minibasins -- 7.4.1 Encased Minibasins Formed by Foundering -- 7.4.2 Encased Minibasins Formed by Override in Place -- 7.4.3 Encased Minibasins Formed by Override during Suturing -- 7.5 Minibasin Stratigraphy on Continental Slopes -- 7.5.1 Minibasin Classification -- 7.5.2 Minibasin Topography -- 7.5.3 Salt-Sediment Stratigraphic Interactions -- 7.6 Mechanics of Minibasin Subsidence -- 7.6.1 Paradox of Minibasin Subsidence into Salt -- 7.6.2 Density-Driven Subsidence -- 7.6.2.1 A Robust Mechanism -- 7.6.2.2 Signs of Negative Buoyancy -- 7.6.2.3 Effect of Lithology -- 7.6.2.4 Effect of Diapir Roof -- 7.6.3 Lateral Shortening -- 7.6.3.1 Shortening Inter-Minibasin Diapirs -- 7.6.3.2 Folding a Prekinematic Layer -- 7.6.3.3 Squeezing Salt Ridges -- 7.6.3.4 Structural Styles of Shortened Minibasin Terranes -- 7.6.4 Laterally Extending Minibasins -- 7.6.4.1 How Extension Retards Minibasins -- 7.6.4.2 How Extension Initiates Minibasins -- 7.6.5 Sedimentary Topographic Loading -- 7.6.6 Decay of Salt Topography -- 7.6.7 What Causes Minibasins to Tilt? -- Chapter 8 Internal Deformation in Salt Bodies -- 8.1 Key Concepts Related to Internal Salt Structures -- 8.1.1 Flow Profiles -- 8.1.2 Flow Folding -- 8.1.3 Sheath Folding -- 8.1.4 Vorticity -- 8.1.5 Strain Softening -- 8.1.6 Competency Contrasts -- 8.1.7 Domains of Two-Dimensional Strain -- 8.1.8 Effects of Three-Dimensional Strain -- 8.1.9 Conformance of Internal Structures to External Boundaries -- 8.2 Internal Structures of Autochthonous Salt, Salt Pillows, and Salt Anticlines -- 8.2.1 Model Structures -- 8.2.2 Natural Structures.
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8.2.2.1 Santos Basin -- 8.2.2.2 Levant Basin -- 8.2.2.3 Zechstein Basin -- 8.2.2.4 Great Kavir Basin -- 8.3 Internal Structures of Salt Stocks and Salt Walls -- 8.3.1 Salt Rollers -- 8.3.2 Structures in the Base of Diapirs -- 8.3.3 Curtain Folds -- 8.3.4 Crescentic Folds -- 8.3.5 Recumbent Folds -- 8.3.6 Fabrics -- 8.3.7 Anomalous Zones -- 8.3.7.1 Shear Zones -- 8.3.7.2 Faults -- 8.3.7.3 Fluid Pockets -- 8.3.8 Rock Inclusions -- 8.3.8.1 Sedimentary Inclusions -- 8.3.8.2 Magmatic Inclusions -- 8.3.8.3 Concentrated Rock Inclusions -- 8.4 Internal Structures of Salt Sheets and Canopies -- 8.4.1 Subaerial Salt Sheets -- 8.4.1.1 Folds -- 8.4.1.2 Fabrics -- 8.4.1.3 Brittle Skin -- 8.4.1.4 Inclusions -- 8.4.2 Submarine Salt Sheets on Passive Margins -- Chapter 9 Salt Welds -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Nomenclature of Salt Welds -- 9.3 Geometry of Salt Welds -- 9.3.1 Weld Geometry at Seismic Scale -- 9.3.2 Weld Geometry at Outcrop Scale -- 9.4 Kinematics of Welding -- 9.4.1 Welding during Halokinesis -- 9.4.1.1 Subsidence of Minibasins into Flat Salt -- 9.4.1.2 Subsidence of Minibasins into Preexisting Diapirs -- 9.4.1.3 Subsidence of Prograding Sediments into Flat Salt -- 9.4.2 Welding during Extension -- 9.4.3 Welding during Shortening -- 9.4.4 Welding during Strike-Slip -- 9.5 Mechanics of Salt Welding -- 9.5.1 Welding by Solid-State Flow -- 9.5.1.1 Thinning of a Tabular Salt Layer -- 9.5.1.2 Thinning of Salt below an Indenting Minibasin -- 9.5.1.3 Thinning and Shearing of a Single Salt Layer -- 9.5.1.4 Thinning of Multilayered Evaporites -- 9.5.1.5 Some Realistic Complications -- 9.5.2 Welding by Dissolution -- Part III Salt-Tectonic Systems -- Chapter 10 Extensional Salt-Tectonic Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Basement-Detached Extension -- 10.2.1 Driving Forces -- 10.2.2 Structural Styles.
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10.2.2.1 Structural Style of Basement-Detached Extensional Diapirs.
Additional Edition:
ISBN 1-107-01331-3
Language:
English
URL:
Volltext
(URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139003988
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