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Format: 1 online resource (368 pages)

Note: Front Cover -- Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine -- Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterialsand Nanomedicine -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Biography -- Xinguo Jiang, BS -- Huile Gao, PhD -- Preface -- Introduction and Overview -- HOW DO NANOMATERIALS AND NANOMEDICINES ENTER INTO AND GET EXCRETED FROM BRAIN? -- WHAT IS THE NEUROTOXICITY OF NANOMATERIALS? -- CONCLUSION -- 1 - The Medical Applications of Nanomaterials in the Central Nervous System -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SMALL CHEMICAL DRUGS DELIVERY -- 2.1 Natural Nanomaterials -- 2.2 Anionic and Neutral Polymers -- 2.3 Dendrimers -- 2.4 Metal Nanoparticles -- 2.5 Carbon-Based Inorganic Nanomaterials -- 3. PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN DELIVERY -- 3.1 Natural Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Polymers -- 4. GENE DELIVERY -- 4.1 Lipid Nanomaterials -- 4.2 Cationic Polymers -- 4.3 Dendrimers -- 4.4 Other Materials -- 5. NANOMATERIALS AS IMAGING PROBE -- 5.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- 5.2 Quantum Dots -- 5.3 Carbon Dots -- 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 2 - The Route of Nanomaterials Entering Brain -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TRANSPORTER-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 2.1 Hexose Transporters -- 2.2 Choline Transporters -- 2.3 Amino Acid Transporters -- 3. RECEPTOR-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 3.1 Transferrin Receptor -- 3.2 Insulin Receptor -- 3.3 Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins -- 3.4 Nicotine Acetylcholine Receptor -- 4. ADSORPTIVE-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 4.1 Cell-Penetrating Peptides -- 4.2 Cationic Proteins -- 4.3 Methods That Improve the Nonselectivity of AMT -- 5. INTRANASAL DRUG DELIVERY -- 6. INHIBITING THE FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER -- 6.1 Inhibition of Efflux Pumps -- 6.2 Disturbing the Structure of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 7. NANOMATERIALS ENTERING THE BRAIN UNDER PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS -- 8. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES. , 3 - The Distribution and Elimination of Nanomaterials in Brain -- 1. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER -- 2. EXISTING PATHWAYS FOR THE BRAIN DELIVERY OF NANOMATERIALS -- 2.1 Entering the CNS Across the BBB -- 2.2 Nose-to-Brain Delivery -- 2.3 Direct Injection or Implantation Into the CNS -- 3. DISTRIBUTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN BRAIN -- 3.1 Size -- 3.2 Surface Charge -- 3.3 Shape -- 3.4 Targeting Ligands -- 3.5 Administration Routes -- 3.6 Chronobiology -- 3.7 Disease Conditions -- 4. ELIMINATION OF NANOMATERIALS IN BRAIN -- 4.1 Deformability and Biodegradability of the Matrix -- 4.2 Size and Surface Charge -- 4.3 Targeting Ligands -- 4.4 Conscious State -- 4.5 Disease Conditions -- 4.6 Brian Regional Distribution -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Current Perspective on Nanomaterial-Induced Adverse Effects: Neurotoxicity as a Case Example -- 1. NANOTOXICOLOGY -- 2. NEUROTOXICOLOGY -- 3. BRAIN AS THE TARGET OF NPS -- 4. TOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Toxicity of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles -- 4.1.1 Fullerenes -- 4.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 4.1.3 Graphene -- 4.2 Metal-Based Nanoparticles -- 4.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles -- 4.2.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Quantum Dots -- 4.4 Particulate Matter -- 5. MECHANISMS OF NANOTOXICITY -- 6. RELEASE OF NANOPARTICLES INTO ENVIRONMENT -- 7. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NANOTOXICITY -- 8. INTERACTION OF NANOPARTICLES WITH OTHER CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 9. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS -- 10. REDUCING EXPOSURE AND NEUROTOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Brain -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 3. MAIN ROUTES OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES INTO THE BRAIN -- 3.1 Translocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles From the Blood to the Brain -- 3.2 Axonal Translocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles From the Nose to the Brain. , 3.3 Translocation Into the Brain of Offspring Through the Placental Barrier -- 4. BIODISTRIBUTION AFTER DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATION ROUTES AND ELIMINATION RATE OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES FROM THE BRAIN -- 4.1 Biodistribution -- 4.2 Elimination -- 5. MAIN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEUROTOXICITY OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 5.1 Oxidative Stress -- 5.2 Apoptosis and Autophagy -- 5.3 Immune Mechanism -- 5.4 Activated Signaling Pathways -- 6. MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NEUROTOXICITY OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 6.1 Crystal Type -- 6.2 Size of Nanoparticles -- 6.3 Shape and Surface Modification -- 6.4 Administration Route -- 7. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- 1. IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent -- 2.2 Hyperthermia -- 2.3 Drug Delivery -- 3. MECHANISMS OF ION TOXICITY -- 4. NEUROTOXICITY -- 4.1 Mechanisms and Pathways of ION Entry to the Brain -- 4.2 In Vitro Studies on ION Neurotoxicity -- 4.2.1 Neurons -- 4.2.2 Astrocytes -- 4.2.3 Microglia -- 4.2.4 Oligodendrocytes -- 4.3 In Vivo Studies on ION Neurotoxicity -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF AGNPS IN MEDICINE -- 3. BIODISTRIBUTION OF AGNPS IN MAMMALIAN ORGANISMS -- 4. AGNP-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY -- 4.1 Adverse Effects of AgNPs in Brain Cells -- 4.2 AgNPs Influence Blood-Brain Barrier Function -- 5. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AGNPS NEUROTOXICITY -- 5.1 Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death -- 5.2 Interactions With Cellular Calcium and NMDA Glutamate Receptors -- 5.3 AgNP-Induced Neurodegeneration -- 6. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE TOXICITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES. , 6.1 Size -- 6.2 Shape and Coating -- 6.3 Release of Ions -- 7. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - The Applications, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Gold Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESIS -- 3. ADVANTAGES -- 4. PHARMACOKINETICS -- 4.1 Absorption -- 4.2 Distribution -- 4.3 Metabolism -- 4.4 Elimination -- 5. APPLICATIONS -- 5.1 Electronics -- 5.2 For Labeling -- 5.3 Sensors -- 5.4 As Delivery Vehicle -- 5.5 Probes -- 5.6 As Heat Source -- 5.7 Catalysis -- 6. MECHANISM OF CELLULAR UPTAKE -- 6.1 Phagocytosis -- 6.2 Pinocytosis -- 6.2.1 Macropinocytosis -- 6.2.2 Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis -- 6.3 Caveolae-Dependent Endocytosis -- 6.4 Adhesive Interactions -- 7. GENERAL MECHANISM OF TOXICITY -- 7.1 Oxidative Stress -- 7.2 Disruption of Lipid Bilayer -- 7.3 Necrosis/Apoptosis -- 7.4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 7.5 DNA Damage -- 7.6 Endocrine Disruption -- 8. FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY -- 8.1 Size -- 8.2 Shape -- 8.3 Surface Charge -- 8.4 Surface Chemistry -- 9. NEUROTOXICITY -- 9.1 Neuronal Uptake -- 9.1.1 Neuronal Uptake via Olfactory Nerves -- 9.1.2 Neuronal Uptake via Blood-Brain Barrier -- 9.2 General Neurotoxicity -- 9.3 Neurological Pathology -- 9.3.1 Astrogliosis -- 9.3.2 Generation of Seizure Activity -- 9.3.3 Cognition Defect -- 10. CONCLUSION -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - The Applications, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanisms of Manganese-Containing Nanoparticles -- 1. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF MANGANESE -- 1.1 Chemical Properties of Manganese -- 1.2 Applications of Manganese in Industrial, Research, and Medical Purposes -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MANGANESE -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Environmental Exposure in Industry Concerning Manganese -- 2.3 Environmental Exposure Caused by MMT Exhaust. , 3. MANGANESE-ASSOCIATED NEURODISORDERS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MANGANESE NEUROTOXICITY -- 3.1 Manganese and Neurological Disorders -- 3.2 Mechanisms of Neurological Disorders by Manganese -- 4. NEUROTOXICITY MECHANISMS OF MANGANESE NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Manganese Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Transport of Manganese Into Central Nervous System -- 4.3 Manganese Nanoparticles and Neurotoxicity and Perspectives of Manganese Nanoparticle -- 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Silica Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1 Drug Delivery -- 2.2 Gene Delivery -- 2.3 Bioimaging -- 2.4 Cosmetics -- 3. NEUROTOXICITY OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 3.1 The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Silica Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Factors Affecting Neurotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Possible Mechanism of Neurotoxicity by Silica Nanoparticles -- 4. CYTOTOXICITY OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Factors Contributing to Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Possible Mechanism of Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 5. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 11 - The Synthesis, Application, and Related Neurotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STRUCTURE OF CNTS -- 3. SYNTHESIS -- 4. MODIFICATION/FUNCTIONALIZATION -- 4.1 Covalent Functionalization -- 4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization -- 5. CARBON NANOTUBE-RELATED APPLICATIONS -- 5.1 Tissue Engineering -- 5.1.1 Bone Tissue Engineering -- 5.1.2 Neural Tissue Engineering -- 5.2 Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment -- 5.2.1 Target Recognition -- 5.2.2 Drug Loading and Release -- 6. TOXICITY -- 6.1 Neurotoxicity -- 6.1.1 In Vivo Studies -- 6.1.2 In Vitro Studies -- 6.2 Other Toxicity Studies -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES. , 12 - THE APPLICATION, NEUROTOXICITY, AND RELATED MECHANISM OF CATIONIC POLYMERS*.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-804598-1

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-804620-1

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (368 pages)

Note: Front Cover -- Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine -- Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterialsand Nanomedicine -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Biography -- Xinguo Jiang, BS -- Huile Gao, PhD -- Preface -- Introduction and Overview -- HOW DO NANOMATERIALS AND NANOMEDICINES ENTER INTO AND GET EXCRETED FROM BRAIN? -- WHAT IS THE NEUROTOXICITY OF NANOMATERIALS? -- CONCLUSION -- 1 - The Medical Applications of Nanomaterials in the Central Nervous System -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SMALL CHEMICAL DRUGS DELIVERY -- 2.1 Natural Nanomaterials -- 2.2 Anionic and Neutral Polymers -- 2.3 Dendrimers -- 2.4 Metal Nanoparticles -- 2.5 Carbon-Based Inorganic Nanomaterials -- 3. PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN DELIVERY -- 3.1 Natural Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Polymers -- 4. GENE DELIVERY -- 4.1 Lipid Nanomaterials -- 4.2 Cationic Polymers -- 4.3 Dendrimers -- 4.4 Other Materials -- 5. NANOMATERIALS AS IMAGING PROBE -- 5.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- 5.2 Quantum Dots -- 5.3 Carbon Dots -- 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 2 - The Route of Nanomaterials Entering Brain -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TRANSPORTER-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 2.1 Hexose Transporters -- 2.2 Choline Transporters -- 2.3 Amino Acid Transporters -- 3. RECEPTOR-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 3.1 Transferrin Receptor -- 3.2 Insulin Receptor -- 3.3 Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins -- 3.4 Nicotine Acetylcholine Receptor -- 4. ADSORPTIVE-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 4.1 Cell-Penetrating Peptides -- 4.2 Cationic Proteins -- 4.3 Methods That Improve the Nonselectivity of AMT -- 5. INTRANASAL DRUG DELIVERY -- 6. INHIBITING THE FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER -- 6.1 Inhibition of Efflux Pumps -- 6.2 Disturbing the Structure of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 7. NANOMATERIALS ENTERING THE BRAIN UNDER PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS -- 8. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES. , 3 - The Distribution and Elimination of Nanomaterials in Brain -- 1. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER -- 2. EXISTING PATHWAYS FOR THE BRAIN DELIVERY OF NANOMATERIALS -- 2.1 Entering the CNS Across the BBB -- 2.2 Nose-to-Brain Delivery -- 2.3 Direct Injection or Implantation Into the CNS -- 3. DISTRIBUTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN BRAIN -- 3.1 Size -- 3.2 Surface Charge -- 3.3 Shape -- 3.4 Targeting Ligands -- 3.5 Administration Routes -- 3.6 Chronobiology -- 3.7 Disease Conditions -- 4. ELIMINATION OF NANOMATERIALS IN BRAIN -- 4.1 Deformability and Biodegradability of the Matrix -- 4.2 Size and Surface Charge -- 4.3 Targeting Ligands -- 4.4 Conscious State -- 4.5 Disease Conditions -- 4.6 Brian Regional Distribution -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Current Perspective on Nanomaterial-Induced Adverse Effects: Neurotoxicity as a Case Example -- 1. NANOTOXICOLOGY -- 2. NEUROTOXICOLOGY -- 3. BRAIN AS THE TARGET OF NPS -- 4. TOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Toxicity of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles -- 4.1.1 Fullerenes -- 4.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 4.1.3 Graphene -- 4.2 Metal-Based Nanoparticles -- 4.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles -- 4.2.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Quantum Dots -- 4.4 Particulate Matter -- 5. MECHANISMS OF NANOTOXICITY -- 6. RELEASE OF NANOPARTICLES INTO ENVIRONMENT -- 7. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NANOTOXICITY -- 8. INTERACTION OF NANOPARTICLES WITH OTHER CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 9. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS -- 10. REDUCING EXPOSURE AND NEUROTOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Brain -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 3. MAIN ROUTES OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES INTO THE BRAIN -- 3.1 Translocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles From the Blood to the Brain -- 3.2 Axonal Translocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles From the Nose to the Brain. , 3.3 Translocation Into the Brain of Offspring Through the Placental Barrier -- 4. BIODISTRIBUTION AFTER DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATION ROUTES AND ELIMINATION RATE OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES FROM THE BRAIN -- 4.1 Biodistribution -- 4.2 Elimination -- 5. MAIN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEUROTOXICITY OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 5.1 Oxidative Stress -- 5.2 Apoptosis and Autophagy -- 5.3 Immune Mechanism -- 5.4 Activated Signaling Pathways -- 6. MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NEUROTOXICITY OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 6.1 Crystal Type -- 6.2 Size of Nanoparticles -- 6.3 Shape and Surface Modification -- 6.4 Administration Route -- 7. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- 1. IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent -- 2.2 Hyperthermia -- 2.3 Drug Delivery -- 3. MECHANISMS OF ION TOXICITY -- 4. NEUROTOXICITY -- 4.1 Mechanisms and Pathways of ION Entry to the Brain -- 4.2 In Vitro Studies on ION Neurotoxicity -- 4.2.1 Neurons -- 4.2.2 Astrocytes -- 4.2.3 Microglia -- 4.2.4 Oligodendrocytes -- 4.3 In Vivo Studies on ION Neurotoxicity -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF AGNPS IN MEDICINE -- 3. BIODISTRIBUTION OF AGNPS IN MAMMALIAN ORGANISMS -- 4. AGNP-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY -- 4.1 Adverse Effects of AgNPs in Brain Cells -- 4.2 AgNPs Influence Blood-Brain Barrier Function -- 5. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AGNPS NEUROTOXICITY -- 5.1 Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death -- 5.2 Interactions With Cellular Calcium and NMDA Glutamate Receptors -- 5.3 AgNP-Induced Neurodegeneration -- 6. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE TOXICITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES. , 6.1 Size -- 6.2 Shape and Coating -- 6.3 Release of Ions -- 7. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - The Applications, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Gold Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESIS -- 3. ADVANTAGES -- 4. PHARMACOKINETICS -- 4.1 Absorption -- 4.2 Distribution -- 4.3 Metabolism -- 4.4 Elimination -- 5. APPLICATIONS -- 5.1 Electronics -- 5.2 For Labeling -- 5.3 Sensors -- 5.4 As Delivery Vehicle -- 5.5 Probes -- 5.6 As Heat Source -- 5.7 Catalysis -- 6. MECHANISM OF CELLULAR UPTAKE -- 6.1 Phagocytosis -- 6.2 Pinocytosis -- 6.2.1 Macropinocytosis -- 6.2.2 Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis -- 6.3 Caveolae-Dependent Endocytosis -- 6.4 Adhesive Interactions -- 7. GENERAL MECHANISM OF TOXICITY -- 7.1 Oxidative Stress -- 7.2 Disruption of Lipid Bilayer -- 7.3 Necrosis/Apoptosis -- 7.4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 7.5 DNA Damage -- 7.6 Endocrine Disruption -- 8. FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY -- 8.1 Size -- 8.2 Shape -- 8.3 Surface Charge -- 8.4 Surface Chemistry -- 9. NEUROTOXICITY -- 9.1 Neuronal Uptake -- 9.1.1 Neuronal Uptake via Olfactory Nerves -- 9.1.2 Neuronal Uptake via Blood-Brain Barrier -- 9.2 General Neurotoxicity -- 9.3 Neurological Pathology -- 9.3.1 Astrogliosis -- 9.3.2 Generation of Seizure Activity -- 9.3.3 Cognition Defect -- 10. CONCLUSION -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - The Applications, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanisms of Manganese-Containing Nanoparticles -- 1. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF MANGANESE -- 1.1 Chemical Properties of Manganese -- 1.2 Applications of Manganese in Industrial, Research, and Medical Purposes -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MANGANESE -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Environmental Exposure in Industry Concerning Manganese -- 2.3 Environmental Exposure Caused by MMT Exhaust. , 3. MANGANESE-ASSOCIATED NEURODISORDERS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MANGANESE NEUROTOXICITY -- 3.1 Manganese and Neurological Disorders -- 3.2 Mechanisms of Neurological Disorders by Manganese -- 4. NEUROTOXICITY MECHANISMS OF MANGANESE NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Manganese Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Transport of Manganese Into Central Nervous System -- 4.3 Manganese Nanoparticles and Neurotoxicity and Perspectives of Manganese Nanoparticle -- 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Silica Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1 Drug Delivery -- 2.2 Gene Delivery -- 2.3 Bioimaging -- 2.4 Cosmetics -- 3. NEUROTOXICITY OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 3.1 The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Silica Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Factors Affecting Neurotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Possible Mechanism of Neurotoxicity by Silica Nanoparticles -- 4. CYTOTOXICITY OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Factors Contributing to Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Possible Mechanism of Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 5. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 11 - The Synthesis, Application, and Related Neurotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STRUCTURE OF CNTS -- 3. SYNTHESIS -- 4. MODIFICATION/FUNCTIONALIZATION -- 4.1 Covalent Functionalization -- 4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization -- 5. CARBON NANOTUBE-RELATED APPLICATIONS -- 5.1 Tissue Engineering -- 5.1.1 Bone Tissue Engineering -- 5.1.2 Neural Tissue Engineering -- 5.2 Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment -- 5.2.1 Target Recognition -- 5.2.2 Drug Loading and Release -- 6. TOXICITY -- 6.1 Neurotoxicity -- 6.1.1 In Vivo Studies -- 6.1.2 In Vitro Studies -- 6.2 Other Toxicity Studies -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES. , 12 - THE APPLICATION, NEUROTOXICITY, AND RELATED MECHANISM OF CATIONIC POLYMERS*.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-804598-1

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-804620-1

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (368 pages)

Note: Front Cover -- Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine -- Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterialsand Nanomedicine -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Biography -- Xinguo Jiang, BS -- Huile Gao, PhD -- Preface -- Introduction and Overview -- HOW DO NANOMATERIALS AND NANOMEDICINES ENTER INTO AND GET EXCRETED FROM BRAIN? -- WHAT IS THE NEUROTOXICITY OF NANOMATERIALS? -- CONCLUSION -- 1 - The Medical Applications of Nanomaterials in the Central Nervous System -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SMALL CHEMICAL DRUGS DELIVERY -- 2.1 Natural Nanomaterials -- 2.2 Anionic and Neutral Polymers -- 2.3 Dendrimers -- 2.4 Metal Nanoparticles -- 2.5 Carbon-Based Inorganic Nanomaterials -- 3. PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN DELIVERY -- 3.1 Natural Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Polymers -- 4. GENE DELIVERY -- 4.1 Lipid Nanomaterials -- 4.2 Cationic Polymers -- 4.3 Dendrimers -- 4.4 Other Materials -- 5. NANOMATERIALS AS IMAGING PROBE -- 5.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- 5.2 Quantum Dots -- 5.3 Carbon Dots -- 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 2 - The Route of Nanomaterials Entering Brain -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TRANSPORTER-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 2.1 Hexose Transporters -- 2.2 Choline Transporters -- 2.3 Amino Acid Transporters -- 3. RECEPTOR-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 3.1 Transferrin Receptor -- 3.2 Insulin Receptor -- 3.3 Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins -- 3.4 Nicotine Acetylcholine Receptor -- 4. ADSORPTIVE-MEDIATED TRANSCYTOSIS -- 4.1 Cell-Penetrating Peptides -- 4.2 Cationic Proteins -- 4.3 Methods That Improve the Nonselectivity of AMT -- 5. INTRANASAL DRUG DELIVERY -- 6. INHIBITING THE FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER -- 6.1 Inhibition of Efflux Pumps -- 6.2 Disturbing the Structure of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 7. NANOMATERIALS ENTERING THE BRAIN UNDER PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS -- 8. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES. , 3 - The Distribution and Elimination of Nanomaterials in Brain -- 1. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER -- 2. EXISTING PATHWAYS FOR THE BRAIN DELIVERY OF NANOMATERIALS -- 2.1 Entering the CNS Across the BBB -- 2.2 Nose-to-Brain Delivery -- 2.3 Direct Injection or Implantation Into the CNS -- 3. DISTRIBUTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN BRAIN -- 3.1 Size -- 3.2 Surface Charge -- 3.3 Shape -- 3.4 Targeting Ligands -- 3.5 Administration Routes -- 3.6 Chronobiology -- 3.7 Disease Conditions -- 4. ELIMINATION OF NANOMATERIALS IN BRAIN -- 4.1 Deformability and Biodegradability of the Matrix -- 4.2 Size and Surface Charge -- 4.3 Targeting Ligands -- 4.4 Conscious State -- 4.5 Disease Conditions -- 4.6 Brian Regional Distribution -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Current Perspective on Nanomaterial-Induced Adverse Effects: Neurotoxicity as a Case Example -- 1. NANOTOXICOLOGY -- 2. NEUROTOXICOLOGY -- 3. BRAIN AS THE TARGET OF NPS -- 4. TOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Toxicity of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles -- 4.1.1 Fullerenes -- 4.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 4.1.3 Graphene -- 4.2 Metal-Based Nanoparticles -- 4.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles -- 4.2.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Quantum Dots -- 4.4 Particulate Matter -- 5. MECHANISMS OF NANOTOXICITY -- 6. RELEASE OF NANOPARTICLES INTO ENVIRONMENT -- 7. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NANOTOXICITY -- 8. INTERACTION OF NANOPARTICLES WITH OTHER CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 9. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS -- 10. REDUCING EXPOSURE AND NEUROTOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Brain -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 3. MAIN ROUTES OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES INTO THE BRAIN -- 3.1 Translocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles From the Blood to the Brain -- 3.2 Axonal Translocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles From the Nose to the Brain. , 3.3 Translocation Into the Brain of Offspring Through the Placental Barrier -- 4. BIODISTRIBUTION AFTER DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATION ROUTES AND ELIMINATION RATE OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES FROM THE BRAIN -- 4.1 Biodistribution -- 4.2 Elimination -- 5. MAIN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEUROTOXICITY OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 5.1 Oxidative Stress -- 5.2 Apoptosis and Autophagy -- 5.3 Immune Mechanism -- 5.4 Activated Signaling Pathways -- 6. MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NEUROTOXICITY OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES -- 6.1 Crystal Type -- 6.2 Size of Nanoparticles -- 6.3 Shape and Surface Modification -- 6.4 Administration Route -- 7. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- 1. IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent -- 2.2 Hyperthermia -- 2.3 Drug Delivery -- 3. MECHANISMS OF ION TOXICITY -- 4. NEUROTOXICITY -- 4.1 Mechanisms and Pathways of ION Entry to the Brain -- 4.2 In Vitro Studies on ION Neurotoxicity -- 4.2.1 Neurons -- 4.2.2 Astrocytes -- 4.2.3 Microglia -- 4.2.4 Oligodendrocytes -- 4.3 In Vivo Studies on ION Neurotoxicity -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF AGNPS IN MEDICINE -- 3. BIODISTRIBUTION OF AGNPS IN MAMMALIAN ORGANISMS -- 4. AGNP-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY -- 4.1 Adverse Effects of AgNPs in Brain Cells -- 4.2 AgNPs Influence Blood-Brain Barrier Function -- 5. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AGNPS NEUROTOXICITY -- 5.1 Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death -- 5.2 Interactions With Cellular Calcium and NMDA Glutamate Receptors -- 5.3 AgNP-Induced Neurodegeneration -- 6. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE TOXICITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES. , 6.1 Size -- 6.2 Shape and Coating -- 6.3 Release of Ions -- 7. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - The Applications, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Gold Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESIS -- 3. ADVANTAGES -- 4. PHARMACOKINETICS -- 4.1 Absorption -- 4.2 Distribution -- 4.3 Metabolism -- 4.4 Elimination -- 5. APPLICATIONS -- 5.1 Electronics -- 5.2 For Labeling -- 5.3 Sensors -- 5.4 As Delivery Vehicle -- 5.5 Probes -- 5.6 As Heat Source -- 5.7 Catalysis -- 6. MECHANISM OF CELLULAR UPTAKE -- 6.1 Phagocytosis -- 6.2 Pinocytosis -- 6.2.1 Macropinocytosis -- 6.2.2 Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis -- 6.3 Caveolae-Dependent Endocytosis -- 6.4 Adhesive Interactions -- 7. GENERAL MECHANISM OF TOXICITY -- 7.1 Oxidative Stress -- 7.2 Disruption of Lipid Bilayer -- 7.3 Necrosis/Apoptosis -- 7.4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 7.5 DNA Damage -- 7.6 Endocrine Disruption -- 8. FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY -- 8.1 Size -- 8.2 Shape -- 8.3 Surface Charge -- 8.4 Surface Chemistry -- 9. NEUROTOXICITY -- 9.1 Neuronal Uptake -- 9.1.1 Neuronal Uptake via Olfactory Nerves -- 9.1.2 Neuronal Uptake via Blood-Brain Barrier -- 9.2 General Neurotoxicity -- 9.3 Neurological Pathology -- 9.3.1 Astrogliosis -- 9.3.2 Generation of Seizure Activity -- 9.3.3 Cognition Defect -- 10. CONCLUSION -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - The Applications, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanisms of Manganese-Containing Nanoparticles -- 1. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF MANGANESE -- 1.1 Chemical Properties of Manganese -- 1.2 Applications of Manganese in Industrial, Research, and Medical Purposes -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MANGANESE -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Environmental Exposure in Industry Concerning Manganese -- 2.3 Environmental Exposure Caused by MMT Exhaust. , 3. MANGANESE-ASSOCIATED NEURODISORDERS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MANGANESE NEUROTOXICITY -- 3.1 Manganese and Neurological Disorders -- 3.2 Mechanisms of Neurological Disorders by Manganese -- 4. NEUROTOXICITY MECHANISMS OF MANGANESE NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Manganese Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Transport of Manganese Into Central Nervous System -- 4.3 Manganese Nanoparticles and Neurotoxicity and Perspectives of Manganese Nanoparticle -- 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - The Application, Neurotoxicity, and Related Mechanism of Silica Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. APPLICATIONS OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1 Drug Delivery -- 2.2 Gene Delivery -- 2.3 Bioimaging -- 2.4 Cosmetics -- 3. NEUROTOXICITY OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 3.1 The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Silica Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Factors Affecting Neurotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Possible Mechanism of Neurotoxicity by Silica Nanoparticles -- 4. CYTOTOXICITY OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES -- 4.1 Factors Contributing to Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Possible Mechanism of Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles -- 5. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 11 - The Synthesis, Application, and Related Neurotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STRUCTURE OF CNTS -- 3. SYNTHESIS -- 4. MODIFICATION/FUNCTIONALIZATION -- 4.1 Covalent Functionalization -- 4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization -- 5. CARBON NANOTUBE-RELATED APPLICATIONS -- 5.1 Tissue Engineering -- 5.1.1 Bone Tissue Engineering -- 5.1.2 Neural Tissue Engineering -- 5.2 Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment -- 5.2.1 Target Recognition -- 5.2.2 Drug Loading and Release -- 6. TOXICITY -- 6.1 Neurotoxicity -- 6.1.1 In Vivo Studies -- 6.1.2 In Vitro Studies -- 6.2 Other Toxicity Studies -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES. , 12 - THE APPLICATION, NEUROTOXICITY, AND RELATED MECHANISM OF CATIONIC POLYMERS*.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-804598-1

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-804620-1

Language: English