UID:
almafu_9961056839202883
Format:
1 online resource (xiii, 342 pages) :
,
digital, PDF file(s).
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
1-009-26173-8
,
1-009-26171-1
,
1-009-26175-4
Content:
This book examines the impact of ancient DNA research and scientific evidence on our understanding of the emergence of Indo-European languages in prehistory. Offering cutting-edge contributions from an international team of scholars, it considers the driving forces behind the Indo-European migrations during the 3rd and 2nd millenia BC. The volume explores the rise of the world's first pastoral nomads the Yamnaya Culture in the Russian Pontic steppe including their social organization, expansions, and the transition from nomadism to semi-sedentism when entering Europe. It also traces the chariot conquest in the late Bronze Age and its impact on the expansion of the Indo-Iranian languages into Central Asia. In the final section, the volumes consider the development of hierarchical societies and the origins of slavery. A landmark synthesis of recent, exciting discoveries, the book also includes an extensive theoretical discussion regarding the integration of linguistics, genetics, and archaeology, and the importance of interdisciplinary research in the study of ancient migration.
Note:
Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 01 May 2023).
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Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 Re-theorizing Interdisciplinarity, and the Relation between Archaeology, Linguistics, and Genetics -- 1.1 Background: The Third Science Revolution -- 1.2 A Brief Research History -- 1.3 The Danger of Ideological Misrepresentation -- 1.4 From Here On: Toward a New Interdisciplinarity? -- References -- Part I Early Indo-European and the Origin of Pastoralism -- 2 The Yamnaya Culture and the Invention of Nomadic Pastoralism in the Eurasian Steppes -- 2.1 Yamnaya Chronology and Variability -- 2.2 Debates about Yamnaya Pastoralism -- 2.3 New Evidence: Horseback Riding, DNA, and Wheels -- 2.4 Dependency Theory and the Evolution of Nomadic Pastoralism -- 2.5 The Abandonment of Eneolithic Settlements -- 2.6 Yamnaya Nomadic Pastoralism: Sheep, Isotopes, and Dairy Peptides -- 2.6.1 Dietary Stable Isotopes -- 2.6.2 Dental Pathologies -- 2.6.3 Faunal Evidence from Mikhailovka, Repin, and Usatovo -- 2.6.4 Faunal Evidence from Graves -- 2.6.5 Peptides from Dairy -- 2.6.6 Stature -- 2.7 Conclusion: The First Pastoral Nomads in the Steppes -- References -- 3 Yamnaya Pastoralists in the Eurasian Desert Steppe Zone: New Perspectives on Mobility -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chronology and Archaeological Background of the Yamnaya Culture -- 3.3 The Settlement Pattern -- 3.4 Optimization of the Economic Strategy -- 3.5 Productivity of the Yamnaya Grasslands -- 3.6 Yamnaya Culture Isotope Data -- 3.7 Pastoralism and Mobility of Yamnaya Pastoralism in the Arid System: Discussion -- 3.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Proto-Indo-Anatolian, the ''Anatolian Split'' and the ''Anatolian Trek'': A Comparative Linguistic Perspective -- 4.1 Dating the ''Anatolian Split''.
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4.1.1 Dating Proto-Anatolian -- 4.1.2 Dating Proto-Indo-Anatolian -- 4.1.2.1 The Gap between Proto-Indo-Anatolian and Classical Proto-Indo-European -- 4.1.2.2 The Gap between Proto-Indo-Anatolian and Proto-Anatolian -- 4.1.2.3 Combining the Two Approaches -- 4.2 Locating Proto-Indo-Anatolian -- 4.2.1 The Indo-European ''Homeland'' Question: Analyzing the Anatolian Lexicon -- 4.2.1.1 The Borrowed Lexicon of Hittite -- 4.2.1.2 The Inherited Lexicon of Hittite -- 4.2.2 The Indo-Uralic Hypothesis -- 4.3 Mapping the ''Anatolian Trek'' -- 4.3.1 The Date of Entry into Anatolia -- 4.3.2 The Point of Entry into Anatolia -- 4.3.2.1 The Western Location of the Anatolian Languages -- 4.3.2.2 The Kızıl Irmak River as a Linguistic Border -- 4.3.2.3 The ''Drift'' of the Anatolian Languages in Historic Times -- 4.3.2.4 Parallels from Later Times -- 4.4 Conclusions on the Basis of Comparative Linguistic Arguments -- 4.5 Mapping the ''Anatolian Trek'' onto Evidence from Archaeology -- 4.6 Mapping the ''Anatolian Trek'' onto Evidence from Palaeogenomics -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Migratory Processes and Linguistic Dispersals between Yamnaya and the Corded Ware -- 5 The Corded Ware Complex in Europe in Light of Current Archaeogenetic and Environmental Evidence -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Early Genetic Studies -- 5.3 Recent Genomic Studies -- 5.4 Transformations of the Third Millennium BCE in Europe -- 5.4.1 Economy and Environmental Impact -- 5.4.2 Diet -- 5.5 Mechanisms of Expansion and Their Possible Causes -- 5.5.1 Disease, Environment and Health -- 5.5.2 Social Institutions of Kinship and Inheritance -- References -- 6 Emergent Properties of the Corded Ware Culture: An Information Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Similarity and Death in the Corded Ware Culture -- 6.3 Understanding Corded Ware Similarities.
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6.4 Emergence and Information Sharing in the Corded Ware Culture -- 6.5 Data and Method -- 6.6 Results -- 6.6.1 A Network Perspective -- 6.7 Discussion -- 6.7.1 Information Exchange in Corded Ware Culture -- 6.7.2 Connections with aDNA, Isotope Analysis, and Linguistics -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Linguistic Phylogenetics and Words for Metals in Indo-European -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Linguistic Palaeontology -- 7.3 Indo-European Linguistic Phylogenetics -- 7.4 From Relative to Absolute Chronologies -- 7.5 Metals in Early Indo-European -- 7.5.1 Gold -- 7.5.2 Silver -- 7.5.3 Copper/Bronze -- 7.5.4 Iron -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Word Mining: Metal Names and the Indo-European Dispersal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Gold -- 8.2.1 PIE *h2eHus- -- 8.2.2 PIE *ǵʰelh3 - -- 8.2.3 Greek χρῡσός -- 8.3 Silver -- 8.3.1 PIE *h2(e)rǵ-nt-o- -- 8.3.2 West European *sil(a)P(u )r -- 8.4 Copper -- 8.4.1 PIE *h2eies- 'metal, copper?' -- 8.4.2 Sanskrit lohá-, Old Norse rauði, Old Church Slavonic ruda -- 8.4.3 Proto-Germanic *arut- ~ Latin raudus ~ Sumerian aruda -- 8.4.4 Hittite ku(wa)nna(n)- -- 8.4.5 Greek χαλκός -- 8.4.6 Balto-Slavic Words for 'copper' -- 8.4.7 Celtic *omi-, *omiio- -- 8.5 Iron -- 8.5.1 PIE *h2eḱ-mon- 'meteoritic iron?' -- 8.5.2 Proto-Germanic ~ Proto-Celtic *īsarn- -- 8.5.3 Latin ferrum -- 8.5.4 Iranian *(ā̆)ću(a)n(i)ā̆- ~ Tocharian *eñcə(u)wo- -- 8.5.5 Balto-Slavic *gele(?)ź- -- 8.5.6 Greek σίδηρος -- 8.5.7 Armenian erkat -- 8.6 Tin -- 8.6.1 Latin stagnum -- 8.6.2 Greek κασσίτερος -- 8.6.3 Proto-Germanic *tina- -- 8.7 Lead -- 8.7.1 Greek μόλυβδος ~ Proto-Germanic *blīwa- -- 8.7.2 Latin plumbum ~ Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)loud(i)o- ~ Berber *būldūn -- 8.7.3 Balto-Slavic *al(a)wa- 'lead/tin' and *św(e)in- 'lead' -- 8.7.4 Armenian kapar -- 8.8 Discussion -- 8.8.1 Metals in PIE and the Daughter Branches.
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8.8.2 Indo-European Languages at the Beginning of the Iron Age -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Part III The Cultural and Linguistic Significance of Bell Beakers along the Atlantic Fringe -- 9 From the Steppe to Ireland: The Impact of aDNA Research -- 9.1 Before the Revolution: The Archaeological Models -- 9.1.1 Stage 1: Steppe to Corded Ware -- 9.1.2 Stage 2: Corded Ware to British/Irish Beakers -- 9.2 Before the Revolution: The ''Pre-Molecular-Genetic'' Models -- 9.2.1 Stage 1: Steppe to Corded Ware -- 9.2.2 Stage 2: Corded Ware to Irish Beakers -- 9.3 Before the Revolution: Molecular-Genetic Models -- 9.3.1 Stage 1: Steppe to Corded Ware -- 9.3.2 Stage 2: Corded Ware to Irish Beaker -- 9.4 The Eve of the Revolution -- 9.5 The aDNA Revolution (2015-2018) -- 9.5.1 Stage 1: Steppe > -- Corded Ware -- 9.5.2 Stage 2: Corded Ware > -- Irish Beaker -- 9.6 The Challenges of aDNA to Archaeology -- 9.7 Conclusions -- 9.7.1 An eilifint sa seomra -- References -- 10 Beaker Culture Metal and Mobility in Atlantic Europe: Some Implications for Genetic and Language Origins -- 10.1 The Atlantic Seaways -- 10.2 Metal as Knowledge -- 10.3 Beakers in Britain and Ireland -- 10.4 Beaker Networks and the Transmission of Metallurgical Knowledge -- 10.5 Atlantic Mining Networks -- 10.6 First Encounters with Metal -- 10.7 Conclusions: Metal, Genes, and Memes -- References -- 11 ''From the Ends of the Earth'': A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Long-Distance Contact in Bronze Age Atlantic Europe -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Theoretical Background -- 11.3 New Perspectives on an Ancient Keynote -- 11.4 Rising Social Complexity against Declining Mutual Intelligibility and Some Implications of Archaeogenetics -- 11.5 North-West Indo-European and Celto-Germanic -- 11.6 Language and Metal Cultures -- 11.7 Bronze Age Warriors and Long-Distance Trade.
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11.8 Rock Art as Evidence of Long-Distance Exchange -- 11.9 Conclusion -- References -- 12 With the Back to the Ocean: The Celtic Maritime Vocabulary -- 12.1 Methodology -- 12.1.1 Etymological Layering -- 12.1.2 The Nature of Loans -- 12.1.3 Collection -- 12.1.4 Arrangement of entries -- 12.2 Topography -- 12.2.1 PC *mori- 'sea' < -- PIE *mori- -- 12.2.2PC *rei̯no- 'expanse of water, flow' < -- pre-Clt. h3rei̯H-no- -- 12.2.3 PC *sālo- 'salty water' < -- PIE *seh2lo- 'salty one' -- 12.2.4 PC *li-/l ī- (*φli-/φlī-) 'to flow' < -- PIE *lei̯H- 'to pour' and *pleh1- 'to become full' -- 4a pic *liro- 'ocean' < -- pre-clt. *lih-ro- -- 4b pic *lı¯i̯ant- 'flow, flood' < -- pre-clt. *lih-i̯ n° t- -- 4c pic *lı¯mu- 'flow' < -- pre-clt. *lih-mu- -- 4d pic *to-lih-(i̯)o- 'flood'? or *to- Φli-i̯o-? -- 4e **dı¯-lih-i̯on- 'deluge'? -- 4f pc *Φlanu̯ o- 'flood' < -- pre-clt. *pl ° h1-n-u̯ o- -- 12.2.5 PC *tetrāg- 'sea, tide?' -- 12.2.6 PC *trei̯aton- 'sea?' < -- PIE *trei̯Ht-(H)on-? -- 12.2.7 PIC *u̯orgiu̯i̯ā-?, *u̯ergiu̯i̯ā-? 'raging ocean?' -- 12.2.8 pre-Ir. *bou̯koni̯ā- 'the roaring one'? -- 12.2.9 PIC *u̯ai̯lo-kū 'wolfhound' -- 12.2.10 PC *trag-/trāg- 'to flow, to ebb?' < -- pre-Clt. *treh2gh- < -- < -- PIE *dhreh2gh- 'to become agitated'? -- 10a pic *tra¯ gi-, *tragi̯o- 'ebb tide' -- 10b pic *traΧtu- 'shore, beach' < -- pre-clt. *trh2ghtu- -- 12.2.11 pre-Ir. *kladdāko- 'stony shore'? -- 12.2.12 PIC *φrobertii̯ā- 'spring tide' < -- pre-Clt. *pro-bher-t- -- 12.2.13 PIC *tunnā- 'wave' < -- pre-Clt. *tuh2-s-neh2-? or < -- pre-Clt. *tu-n-d-neh2-? -- 12.2.14 PIC *kaφno- < -- West PIE *kh2p-no- 'harbor' -- 12.2.15 PIC *enistī- 'island' < -- pre- Clt. *h1eni-sth2-ih2- 'standing inside' -- 12.2.16 pre-Ir. *gai̯to/ā- 'estuary'? -- 12.2.17 PIC *tabernV- 'sea'? -- 12.2.18 Pre-Ir. *(ambi-)bato- 'sea'? <.
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pre-Clt. *h2m̥ bʰi-gu̯h2-to-?.
Additional Edition:
ISBN 9781009261746
Language:
English
Keywords:
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