UID:
edoccha_9960161343702883
Format:
1 online resource (420 pages) :
,
illustrations
Content:
Soil Health and Intensification of Agroecosystems examines the climate, environmental, and human effects on agroecosystems and how the existing paradigms must be revised in order to establish sustainable production. The increased demand for food and fuel exerts tremendous stress on all aspects of natural resources and the environment to satisfy an ever increasing world population, which includes the use of agriculture products for energy and other uses in addition to human and animal food. The book presents options for ecological systems that mimic the natural diversity of the ecosystem and can have significant effect as the world faces a rapidly changing and volatile climate. The book explores the introduction of sustainable agroecosystems that promote biodiversity, sustain soil health, and enhance food production as ways to help mitigate some of these adverse effects. New agroecosystems will help define a resilient system that can potentially absorb some of the extreme shifts in climate. Changing the existing cropping system paradigm to utilize natural system attributes by promoting biodiversity within production agricultural systems, such as the integration of polycultures, will also enhance ecological resiliency and will likely increase carbon sequestration.
Note:
Front Cover -- Soil Health and Intensification of Agroecosystems -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Fundamentals and Functions of Soil Environment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Soil Properties and Interrelationships -- 1.2.1 Soil Physical Environment -- 1.2.2 Components of the Total Soil-Water Potential -- 1.2.3 Water Movement and Governing Forces -- 1.2.4 Soil Structure and Water Pathways -- 1.2.5 Soil Temperature -- 1.2.6 Soil Aggregate Formation and Structure -- 1.3 Soil Biological Environment -- 1.3.1 Soil-Plant Relationship -- 1.3.2 Soil-Root Interface and Nutrient Cycling -- 1.3.2.1 Nitrogen cycle -- 1.3.2.2 Carbon Cycle -- 1.3.2.3 Water cycle -- 1.3.3 Soil Environment and Microbial Diversity -- 1.4 Soil Chemical Environment -- 1.4.1 Soil Nutrient Capacity and Supply -- 1.4.2 Nutrient Cycling -- 1.4.3 Nutrient Pathways and Mechanisms -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Climate Variability Effects on Agriculture Land Use and Soil Services -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate Variables and Temporal Trends -- 2.2.1 Temperature -- 2.2.2 Precipitation -- 2.2.3 Extreme Events in Precipitation -- 2.2.4 Meteorological Variables (Solar Radiation, Wind, Humidity) -- 2.3 Patterns of Agriculture Land Use -- 2.3.1 Crop Distribution and Agroclimatology -- 2.3.1.1 Temperature effects -- 2.3.1.2 Precipitation effects -- 2.3.2 Interaction Between Climate Change and Soil Productivity -- 2.4 Role of Soil Services in Mitigating Effects of Climate Variability -- 2.5 Implications of Soil Health to Offset Climate Variability -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Soil Health Concerns Facing Dryland Agroecosystems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Soil Health in Dryland Agroecosystems -- 3.2.1 Difficulty of Enhancing Soil Health in Areas with Increasing Temperatures and Decreasing Precipitation.
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3.2.2 Examples of Summer Fallow Effects on Decline of Soil Organic Carbon -- 3.2.3 Cropping Systems to Reduce the Length of the Summer Fallow Period -- 3.2.4 Loss of SOC Significantly Reduces Water Available for Transpiration (T) by Plants in Dryland Areas -- 3.2.5 Large Decline in Area of Cultivated Summer Fallow in Dryland Areas of the United States -- 3.3 Can SOC Depleted from Dryland Soils be Restored? -- 3.3.1 Restoring Organic Carbon Requires Restoring Plant Nutrients -- 3.3.2 Strategies for Increasing Water Storage in Dryland Areas to Increase Productivity -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Conservation Agriculture Systems to Mitigate Climate Variability Effects on Soil Health -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Agriculture Conservation Practices in Row Cropping Systems -- 4.2.1 No-Tillage, Conservation-Tillage, and Soil Biophysical Health -- 4.2.2 Conservation Systems and Soil Structure Dynamics -- 4.2.3 Conservation Agriculture Systems and Water Processing -- 4.3 Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Health -- 4.3.1 Soil Aggregate Formation Process -- 4.3.2 Crop Rotation and Soil Biology -- 4.3.3 Crop Rotation and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks -- 4.3.4 Soil Water and Nutrient Movement -- 4.4 Conservation Systems and Soil Environment Dynamics -- 4.4.1 Soil Organic Matter Mineralization -- 4.4.2 Soil Environment and Root Growth -- 4.4.3 Soil Environment and Nutrient Availability -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Conventional Agricultural Production Systems and Soil Functions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Conventional Agricultural Crop Production Systems -- 5.2.1 Conventional Agricultural Production Systems' Impact on Soil Chemistry -- 5.2.2 Conventional Agricultural Production Systems' Impact on Soil Chemistry and Biology, and Organic Matter Interactions -- 5.2.3 Conventional Agricultural Production Systems' Impact on Soil Physical Properties.
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5.3 Tillage Systems -- 5.4 Crop Rotations -- 5.5 Conventional Systems and Soil Erosion -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Integration of Annual and Perennial Cover Crops for Improving Soil Health -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Annual Cover Crops -- 6.2.1 Grasses -- 6.2.1.1 Benefits to soil physical properties -- 6.2.1.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties -- 6.2.1.3 Benefits to soil biological properties -- 6.2.2 Brassicas -- 6.2.2.1 Benefits to soil physical properties -- 6.2.2.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties -- 6.2.2.3 Benefits to soil biological properties -- 6.2.3 Legumes -- 6.2.3.1 Benefits to soil physical properties -- 6.2.3.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties -- 6.2.3.3 Benefits to soil biological properties -- 6.3 Perennial Cover Crops -- 6.3.1 Grasses -- 6.3.1.1 Benefits to soil physical properties -- 6.3.1.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties -- 6.3.1.3 Benefits to soil biological properties -- 6.3.2 Legumes -- 6.3.2.1 Alfalfa -- 6.3.2.1.1 Benefits to soil physical properties -- 6.3.2.1.2 Benefits to soil chemical properties -- 6.3.2.1.3 Additional ecosystem services -- 6.3.3 Perennial Clovers -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Perennial-Based Agricultural Systems and Livestock Impact on Soil and Ecological Services -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Background -- 7.2.1 Livestock Integration in Agriculture -- 7.2.2 Changes in the Role of Livestock and Perennial Systems -- 7.3 The Impact of Livestock on Soil Properties Within a Perennial-Based System -- 7.3.1 Physical Properties -- 7.3.2 Soil Carbon -- 7.3.3 Soil Nitrogen -- 7.3.4 Phosphorus Concentration -- 7.3.5 Soil Microbial Biomass -- 7.3.6 Summary -- 7.4 Perennial-Based Agricultural Systems and Livestock Impact on Soil and Ecological Services -- 7.4.1 Review of Ecosystem Goods and Services -- 7.4.2 Positive Impacts on Ecosystem Services -- 7.4.3 Negative Impacts.
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7.4.4 Tradeoffs -- 7.5 Management -- 7.5.1 Multienterprise (Multifunctional) Management -- 7.5.2 Management Intensity Versus Input Intensity -- 7.6 Research Needs -- 7.6.1 Evaluating Multiple Ecosystem Functions Simultaneously -- 7.6.2 Research Networks to Scale Up (e.g., Long-Term Agroecosystems Research) -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Intensified Agroecosystems and Their Effects on Soil Biodiversity and Soil Functions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ecosystem Services Defined -- 8.3 Intensification of Row Crop Systems -- 8.3.1 Tillage Effects on Vertical Distributions of Soil Organic Carbon and Microorganisms -- 8.3.2 Tillage Effects on Soil Organisms, Soil Structure, and Aggregation -- 8.3.3 Soil Moisture Control and Soil Microorganisms -- 8.3.4 Fertilization and Soil Microorganisms -- 8.3.5 Pesticides and Soil Organisms -- 8.4 The Path Forward with Ecological Intensification -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Intensified Agroecosystems and Changes in Soil Carbon Dynamics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Examples of Sustainable Intensification -- 9.3 Crop Rotations in Row Crops -- 9.4 Crop Rotation Diversification and Cover Crop Impacts on Soil Carbon Dynamics -- 9.4.1 Soil Organic Carbon -- 9.4.2 Soil Surface Greenhouse Gas Fluxes -- 9.4.3 Management Practices Effects on Nutrients Cycling -- 9.5 Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems -- 9.5.1 Integrated Systems Effects on SOC and Nutrient Cycling -- 9.5.2 Integrated Systems Effects on Root Growth -- 9.5.2.1 Grazing systems -- 9.5.2.2 Cropping systems -- 9.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Agroecosystem Net Primary Productivity and Carbon Footprint -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Estimating Net Primary Productivity in Agroecosystems -- 10.3 Management Practices Effects on Net Primary Productivity -- 10.4 Effect of Climate Factors on Cropping Systems' Net Primary Productivity.
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10.5 Cropping Systems' Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 10.6 Linking Net Primary Productivity with Soil Carbon -- 10.6.1 Carbon Budgets -- 10.6.2 Soil Carbon Sequestration and Soil Health -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Biology in Row Crop Systems under Intensive Tillage -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Soil Characteristics of Intensive Tillage Systems -- 11.2.1 Physical Properties -- 11.2.2 Chemical Properties -- 11.2.3 Modification of Habitat for Soil Organisms -- 11.3 Residue Decomposition -- 11.3.1 Fallow Systems -- 11.3.2 Multicrop Systems -- 11.3.3 Nutrient Cycling -- 11.4 Soil Carbon Under Intensive Tillage -- 11.4.1 Forms -- 11.4.2 Distribution -- 11.5 Soil Biota -- 11.5.1 Soil Fauna -- 11.5.2 Microbial Biomass -- 11.5.3 Fungi -- 11.5.4 Microbial Communities -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Row-Crop Production Practices Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nitrogen Management -- 12.2.1 Mitigation Potential for N Conservation Practices -- 12.2.2 Mitigation Potential from Fertilizer Formulated for Enhanced Efficiency -- 12.2.3 Dryland and Irrigation in Cropping Systems -- 12.3 Conservation Management and Soil Health Implications -- 12.3.1 Mitigation Potential of Conservation Tillage -- 12.3.2 Mitigation Potential of Biomass Management -- 12.4 Global Warming Potential and Sustainable Intensification -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Low-Input and Intensified Crop Production Systems Effects on Soil Health and Environment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Research Case Studies Addressing Impact of Low-Input Systems on Soil Health and Crop Yields -- 13.2.1 The Broadbalk Trial, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK -- 13.2.2 The "DOK" Trial, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station and the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (Fi ...
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13.2.3 Sustainable Agriculture Farming Systems, SAFS, Russell Ranch, UC Davis, CA, United States.
Additional Edition:
ISBN 0-12-805317-8
Additional Edition:
ISBN 0-12-805401-8
Language:
English
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