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  • 1
    UID:
    edochu_18452_24884
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (13 Seiten)
    ISSN: 1016-9040 , 1016-9040
    Content: The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most serious health and economic crises of the 21st century. From a psychological point of view, the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences can be conceptualized as a multidimensional and potentially toxic stressor for mental health in the general population. This selective literature review provides an overview of longitudinal studies published until June 2021 that have investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the European population. Risk and protective factors identified in the studies are summarized. Forty-two studies that met inclusion and search criteria ( COVID-19, mental health, longitudinal, and Europe) in PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science databases indicate differential effects of the pandemic on mental distress, depression, and anxiety, depending on samples and methods used. Age-specific (e.g., young age), social (e.g., female, ethnical minority, loneliness), as well as physical and mental health-related factors (e.g., pre-pandemic illness) were identified as risk factors for poor mental health. The studies point to several protective factors such as social support, higher cognitive ability, resilience, and self-efficacy. Increasing evidence supports the assumption of the pandemic being a multidimensional stressor on mental health, with some populations appearing more vulnerable than others, although inconsistencies arise. Whether the pandemic will lead to an increase in the prevalence of mental disorders is an open question. Further high-quality longitudinal and multi-national studies and meta-analyses are needed to draw the complete picture of the consequences of the pandemic on mental health.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    In: Göttingen : Hogrefe Publ., , Seiten 310-322, 1016-9040
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    UID:
    edochu_18452_27031
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (19 Seiten)
    ISSN: 2167-7026 , 2167-7026
    Content: Individual responses to behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders vary considerably, which requires a better understanding of underlying processes. In this study, we examined the violation and change of threat beliefs during exposure. From 8,484 standardized exposure records of 605 patients with different anxiety disorders, learning indicators were derived: expectancy violation as mismatch between threat expectancy before exposure and threat occurrence, expectancy change as difference between original and adjusted expectancy after exposure, and prediction-error learning rate as extent to which expectancy violation transferred into change. Throughout sessions, high threat expectancy but low occurrence and adjusted expectancy indicated successful violation and change of threat beliefs by exposure. Expectancy violation, change, and learning rate substantially varied between patients. Not expectancy violation itself, but higher learning rate and expectancy change predicted better treatment outcome. Successful exposure thus requires expectancy violation to induce actual expectancy change, supporting learning from prediction error as transdiagnostic mechanism underlying successful exposure therapy.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    In: London [u.a.] : Sage Publ., 11,2, Seiten 199-217, 2167-7026
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    UID:
    edochu_18452_22066
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (16 Seiten)
    ISSN: 0033-3190 , 0033-3190
    Content: Background: Patients suffering from panic disorder and agoraphobia are significantly impaired in daily life due to anxiety about getting into a situation due to apprehension about experiencing a panic attack, especially if escape may be difficult. Dysfunctional beliefs and behavior can be changed with cognitive behavioral therapy; however, the neurobiological effects of such an intervention on the anticipation and observation of agoraphobia-specific stimuli are unknown. Methods: We compared changes in neural activation by measuring the blood oxygen level-dependent signal of 51 patients and 51 healthy controls between scans before and those after treatment (group by time interaction) during anticipation and observation of agoraphobia-specific compared to neutral pictures using 3-T fMRI. Results: A significant group by time interaction was observed in the ventral striatum during anticipation and in the right amygdala during observation of agoraphobia-specific pictures; the patients displayed a decrease in ventral striatal activation during anticipation from pre- to posttreatment scans, which correlated with clinical improvement measured with the Mobility Inventory. During observation, the patients displayed decreased activation in the amygdala. These activational changes were not observed in the matched healthy controls. Conclusions: For the first time, neural effects of cognitive behavioral therapy were shown in patients suffering from panic disorder and agoraphobia using disorder-specific stimuli. The decrease in activation in the ventral striatum indicates that cognitive behavioral therapy modifies anticipatory anxiety and may ameliorate abnormally heightened salience attribution to expected threatening stimuli. The decreased amygdala activation in response to agoraphobia-specific stimuli indicates that cognitive behavioral therapy can alter the basal processing of agoraphobia-specific stimuli in a core region of the fear network.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    Note: This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.
    In: Basel, Switzerland : S. Karger AG, 87,6, Seiten 350-365, 0033-3190
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    UID:
    edochu_18452_24234
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (14 Seiten)
    Content: Background Patients with specific phobia (SP) show altered brain activation when confronted with phobia-specific stimuli. It is unclear whether this pathogenic activation pattern generalizes to other emotional stimuli. This study addresses this question by employing a well-powered sample while implementing an established paradigm using nonspecific aversive facial stimuli. Methods N = 111 patients with SP, spider subtype, and N = 111 healthy controls (HCs) performed a supraliminal emotional face-matching paradigm contrasting aversive faces versus shapes in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. We performed region of interest (ROI) analyses for the amygdala, the insula, and the anterior cingulate cortex using univariate as well as machine-learning-based multivariate statistics based on this data. Additionally, we investigated functional connectivity by means of psychophysiological interaction (PPI). Results Although the presentation of emotional faces showed significant activation in all three ROIs across both groups, no group differences emerged in all ROIs. Across both groups and in the HC 〉 SP contrast, PPI analyses showed significant task-related connectivity of brain areas typically linked to higher-order emotion processing with the amygdala. The machine learning approach based on whole-brain activity patterns could significantly differentiate the groups with 73% balanced accuracy. Conclusions Patients suffering from SP are characterized by differences in the connectivity of the amygdala and areas typically linked to emotional processing in response to aversive facial stimuli (inferior parietal cortex, fusiform gyrus, middle cingulate, postcentral cortex, and insula). This might implicate a subtle difference in the processing of nonspecific emotional stimuli and warrants more research furthering our understanding of neurofunctional alteration in patients with SP.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    In: New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley Interscience, 38,8, Seiten 846-859
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
    UID:
    edochu_18452_23579
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (10 Seiten)
    ISSN: 1016-6262 , 1016-6262
    Content: Während in der somatischen Medizin mittlerweile eine Vielzahl von biologischen Markern für die Diagnostik und Therapieplanung vorliegen, gibt es keine vergleichbaren bio­logischen oder psychologischen Marker für psychische Störungen. Hier sind die Pathogenese und Wirkung psychotherapeutischer Interventionen durch eine Vielzahl mitei­nander interagierender Faktoren determiniert. Die prädiktive Analytik verfügt mit dem maschinellen Lernen über eine aussichtsreiche Methode, komplexe Muster und Interaktionen zwischen verschiedenen Variablen in Aussagen für den individuellen Patienten zu übersetzen. Diese Methoden bestimmen (“lernen”) aus bereits vorhandenen Daten die Beziehung zwischen Prädiktoren und Ergebnissen und können anschließend das entwickelte Modell auf neue Daten, bei denen das Ergebnis noch offen ist, anwenden. Zuvor muss aber zwingend geprüft werden, ob das Gelernte tatsächlich bedeutungsvoll ist. Zur Illustration des Ansatzes stellen wir eine Reihe von Studien vor, die das Paradigma der prädiktiven Analytik für diagnostische Fragestellungen, Vorhersage von Risikoverläufen sowie zur Prognose von Psychotherapieergebnissen genutzt haben. Die Ergebnisse sind vielversprechend; vor einem Einsatz in der klinischen Praxis muss die Vorhersagegenauigkeit jedoch weiter gesteigert und in verschiedenen Settings und Populationen überprüft werden. Zur Verbesserung der Vorhersagegüte scheinen insbesondere die Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Datenmodalitäten wie klinische Maße, (f)MRT-Daten und genetische Daten sowie der Fokus auf Variablen, die Mechanismen von Psychopathologie und Veränderungsmechanismen gut abbilden, sinnvoll. Darüber hinaus sollte eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit Vertretern von Praktikern und Betroffenen stattfinden, um die Akzeptanz solcher Marker zu gewährleisten. Wenn dies gelingt, bieten derartige Marker das Potenzial, die Diagnosesicherheit insbesondere in ­schwierigen Fällen deutlich zu erhöhen, mögliche Risikoverläufe früh zu identifizieren und die Zuweisung von Patienten zu den für sie bestmöglichen Behandlungen zu unterstützen.
    Content: While there is a plethora of biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment selection in somatic medicine, no comparable biological or psychological markers are available in mental health. Following the bio-psycho-social model, both the pathogenesis and treatment effects are determined by many concurring factors. With machine learning, predictive analytics offer a promising set of tools for translating patterns and interactions in and between a variety of variables into a conclusion for the individual patient. These methods “learn” the association between predictors and outcomes from already available data and can then apply the resulting model on new data, for which the outcome is still open. However, it is crucial to evaluate beforehand whether the learned model is meaningful. To illustrate this approach, we present a number of studies that used predictive analytics for diagnostics, for predicting risk trajectories and for predicting psychotherapy treatment outcomes (“theranostics”). Their results are promising, but prior to clinical practice the prediction accuracy has to be increased and tested in different settings and populations. For increasing prediction performance, combining several data modalities, such as clinical, neurostructural, -functional and genetic data, and focusing on variables that map mechanisms of psychopathology and change, are reasonable. Moreover, teaming up with clinician and patient representatives is recommended for increasing the acceptance of such markers and discussing the ethical and societal implications of predictive analytics in mental health. If successful, predictive analytics bear the potential to increase diagnostic reliability particularly in challenging cases, to identify potentially negative trajectories early on and to support allocating patients to their individually optimal treatment.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    In: Basel : Karger, 30,1, Seiten 8-17, 1016-6262
    Language: German
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 6
    UID:
    edochu_18452_27853
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (13 Seiten)
    Content: Background The need to optimize exposure treatments for anxiety disorders may be addressed by temporally intensified exposure sessions. Effects on symptom reduction and public health benefits should be examined across different anxiety disorders with comorbid conditions. Methods This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared two variants of prediction error-based exposure therapy (PeEx) in various anxiety disorders (both 12 sessions + 2 booster sessions, 100 min/session): temporally intensified exposure (PeEx-I) with exposure sessions condensed to 2 weeks (n = 358) and standard nonintensified exposure (PeEx-S) with weekly exposure sessions (n = 368). Primary outcomes were anxiety symptoms (pre, post, and 6-months follow-up). Secondary outcomes were global severity (across sessions), quality of life, disability days, and comorbid depression. Results Both treatments resulted in substantial improvements at post (PeEx-I: dwithin = 1.50, PeEx-S: dwithin = 1.78) and follow-up (PeEx-I: dwithin = 2.34; PeEx-S: dwithin = 2.03). Both groups showed formally equivalent symptom reduction at post and follow-up. However, time until response during treatment was 32% shorter in PeEx-I (median = 68 days) than PeEx-S (108 days; TRPeEx-I = 0.68). Interestingly, drop-out rates were lower during intensified exposure. PeEx-I was also superior in reducing disability days and improving quality of life at follow-up without increasing relapse. Conclusions Both treatment variants focusing on the transdiagnostic exposure-based violation of threat beliefs were effective in reducing symptom severity and disability in severe anxiety disorders. Temporally intensified exposure resulted in faster treatment response with substantial public health benefits and lower drop-out during the exposure phase, without higher relapse. Clinicians can expect better or at least comparable outcomes when delivering exposure in a temporally intensified manner.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    In: New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley Interscience, 38,11, Seiten 1169-1181
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 7
    UID:
    edochu_18452_27390
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (14 Seiten)
    Content: Introduction Personalization is a much-discussed approach to improve adherence and outcomes for Digital Mental Health interventions (DMHIs). Yet, major questions remain open, such as (1) what personalization is, (2) how prevalent it is in practice, and (3) what benefits it truly has. Methods We address this gap by performing a systematic literature review identifying all empirical studies on DMHIs targeting depressive symptoms in adults from 2015 to September 2022. The search in Pubmed, SCOPUS and Psycinfo led to the inclusion of 138 articles, describing 94 distinct DMHIs provided to an overall sample of approximately 24,300 individuals. Results Our investigation results in the conceptualization of personalization as purposefully designed variation between individuals in an intervention's therapeutic elements or its structure. We propose to further differentiate personalization by what is personalized (i.e., intervention content, content order, level of guidance or communication) and the underlying mechanism [i.e., user choice, provider choice, decision rules, and machine-learning (ML) based approaches]. Applying this concept, we identified personalization in 66% of the interventions for depressive symptoms, with personalized intervention content (32% of interventions) and communication with the user (30%) being particularly popular. Personalization via decision rules (48%) and user choice (36%) were the most used mechanisms, while the utilization of ML was rare (3%). Two-thirds of personalized interventions only tailored one dimension of the intervention. Discussion We conclude that future interventions could provide even more personalized experiences and especially benefit from using ML models. Finally, empirical evidence for personalization was scarce and inconclusive, making further evidence for the benefits of personalization highly needed. Systematic Review Registration Identifier: CRD42022357408.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    In: Lausanne : Frontiers Media, 5
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 8
    UID:
    edochu_18452_23100
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (11 Seiten)
    Content: Cigarette smoking increases the likelihood of developing anxiety disorders, among them panic disorder (PD). While brain structures altered by smoking partly overlap with morphological changes identified in PD, the modulating impact of smoking as a potential confounder on structural alterations in PD has not yet been addressed. In total, 143 PD patients (71 smokers) and 178 healthy controls (62 smokers) participated in a multicenter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. T1-weighted images were used to examine brain structural alterations using voxel-based morphometry in a priori defined regions of the defensive system network. PD was associated with gray matter volume reductions in the amygdala and hippocampus. This difference was driven by non-smokers and absent in smoking subjects. Bilateral amygdala volumes were reduced with increasing health burden (neither PD nor smoking 〉 either PD or smoking 〉 both PD and smoking). As smoking can narrow or diminish commonly observed structural abnormalities in PD, the effect of smoking should be considered in MRI studies focusing on patients with pathological forms of fear and anxiety. Future studies are needed to determine if smoking may increase the risk for subsequent psychopathology via brain functional or structural alterations.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    Note: This article was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
    In: Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press, 15,8, Seiten 849-859
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    UID:
    edochu_18452_26530
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (16 Seiten)
    Content: The COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures are affecting mental health, especially among patients with pre-existing mental disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the first wave and its aftermath of the pandemic in Germany (March–July) on psychopathology of patients diagnosed with panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and specific phobia who were on the waiting list or in current treatment at a German university-based outpatient clinic. From 108 patients contacted, forty-nine patients (45.37%) completed a retrospective survey on COVID-19 related stressors, depression, and changes in anxiety symptoms. Patients in the final sample (n = 47) reported a mild depression and significant increase in unspecific anxiety (d = .41), panic symptoms (d = .85) and specific phobia (d = .38), while social anxiety remained unaltered. Pandemic related stressors like job insecurities, familial stress and working in the health sector were significantly associated with more severe depression and increases in anxiety symptoms. High pre-pandemic symptom severity (anxiety/depression) was a risk factor, whereas meaningful work and being divorced/separated were protective factors (explained variance: 46.5% of changes in anxiety and 75.8% in depressive symptoms). In line with diathesis-stress models, patients show a positive association between stressors and symptom load. Health care systems are requested to address the needs of this vulnerable risk group by implementing timely and low-threshold interventions to prevent patients from further deterioration.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    Note: This article was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
    In: San Francisco, California, US : PLOS, 17,8
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 10
    UID:
    edochu_18452_26544
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (12 Seiten)
    Content: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying restrictions are associated with substantial psychological distress. However, it is unclear how this increased strain translates into help-seeking behavior. Here, we aim to characterize those individuals who seek help for COVID-19 related psychological distress, and examine which factors are associated with their levels of distress in order to better characterize vulnerable groups. Methods: We report data from 1269 help-seeking participants subscribing to a stepped-care program targeted at mental health problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sample characteristics were compared to population data, and linear regression analyses were used to examine which risk factors and stressors were associated with current symptom levels. Results: Seeking for help for COVID-19 related psychological distress was characterized by female gender, younger age, and better education compared to the general population. The majority reported mental health problems already before the pandemic. 74.5% of this help-seeking sample also exceeded clinical thresholds for depression, anxiety, or somatization. Higher individual symptom levels were associated with higher overall levels of pandemic stress, younger age, and pre-existing mental health problems, but were buffered by functional emotion regulation strategies. Conclusions: Results suggest a considerable increase in demand for mental-healthcare in the pandemic aftermath. Comparisons with the general population indicate diverging patterns in help-seeking behavior: while some individuals seek help themselves, others should be addressed directly. Individuals that are young, have pre-existing mental health problems and experience a high level of pandemic stress are particularly at-risk for considerable symptom load. Mental-healthcare providers should use these results to prepare for the significant increase in demand during the broader aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as allocate limited resources more effectively.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    Note: This article was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
    In: San Francisco, California, US : PLOS, 17,7
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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