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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Informality : exit and exclusion (2007)
    Washington, D.C. :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958076710102883
    Format: xv, 248 pages : , illustrations ; , 28 cm.
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 1-280-85783-8 , 9786610857838 , 0-8213-7093-6
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies
    Content: Informality: Exit and Exclusion analyzes informality in Latin America, exploring root causes and reasons for and implications of its growth. The authors use two distinct but complementary lenses: informality driven by ""exclusion"" from state benefits or the circuits of the modern economy, and driven by voluntary ""exit"" decisions resulting from private cost-benefit calculations that lead workers and firms to opt out of formal institutions. They find both lenses have considerable explanatory power to understand the causes and consequences of informality in the region. Informality: Exit and Ex
    Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Contents; Foreword; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; Overview: Informality: Exit and Exclusion; Figures; Boxes; Chapter 1: The Informal Sector: What Is It, Why Do We Care, and How Do We Measure It?; Tables; Chapter 2: The Razón de Ser of the Informal Worker; Chapter 3: Informality, Earnings, and Welfare; Chapter 4: The Informal Labor Market in Motion: Dynamics, Cycles, and Trends; Chapter 5: Microfirm Dynamics and Informality; Chapter 6: Informality, Productivity, and the Firm; Chapter 7: Informality, Social Protection, and Antipoverty Policies , Chapter 8: The Informal Sector and the State: Institutions, Inequality, and Social Norms , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-7092-8
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-7092-6
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    HU Berlin
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    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
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    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Human capital, trade liberalization, and income risk / (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958062377702883
    Format: 1 online resource (28 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Using data from Mexico, the authors study empirically the link between trade policy and individual income risk and the extent to which this varies across workers of different human capital (education) levels. They use longitudinal income data on workers to estimate time-varying individual income risk parameters in different manufacturing sectors in Mexico between 1987 and 1998, a period in which the Mexican economy experienced substantial changes in trade policy. In a second step, they use the variations in trade policy across different sectors and over time to estimate the link between trade policy and income risk for workers of varying education levels. The authors' findings are as follows. The level of openness of an economy is not found to be related to income risk for workers of any type. Furthermore, changes in trade policy (that is, trade policy reforms) are not found to have any effect on the risk to income faced by workers with either low or high levels of human capital. But workers with intermediate levels of human capital are found to experience a statistically and economically significant increase in income risk immediately following liberalization of trade. The findings thus point to an interesting non-monotonicity in the interaction between human capital, income risk and trade policy changes.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4276
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cyclical Movements in Unemployment and Informality in Developing Countries / (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958097420302883
    Format: 1 online resource (53 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper analyzes the cyclical properties of worker flows in Brazil and Mexico, two important developing countries with large unregulated or "informal" sectors. It generates three stylized facts that are critical to the accurate modeling of the sector and which suggest the need to rethink the approaches to date. First, the unemployment rate is countercyclical essentially because job separations of informal workers increase dramatically in recessions. Second, the share of formal employment is countercyclical because of the difficulty of finding formal jobs from inactivity, unemployment and other informal jobs during recessions rather than because of increased separation from formal jobs. Third, flows from formality into informality are not countercyclical, but, if anything, pro-cyclical. Together, these challenge the conventional wisdom that has guided the modeling the sector that informal workers are primarily those rationed out of the formal labor market. They also offer a new synthesis of the mechanics of the cyclical adjustment process. Finally, the paper offers estimates of the moments of worker flows series that are needed for calibration.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4648
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labor Market Dynamics In Developing Countries : Comparative Analysis Using Continuous Time Markov Processes (2005)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958123372502883
    Format: 1 online resource (43 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The authors study the dynamics of three developing country labor markets using recent advances in the estimation of continuous time Markov processes. They first examine the flows of workers among five states: three types of paid labor, unemployment, and out of the labor force. The authors find a high degree of commonality in patterns of worker flows among the three countries and attempt to compare the flexibility of the markets by examining an index of overall mobility. Second, they seek to establish whether the issues of advanced country labor markets apply to developing country markets or whether the latter constitute a different phylum. Paralleling the mainstream literature on the role of being out of the labor force as discouraged unemployment, the authors then identify some common stylized facts about the role of the informal self-employed and salaried sectors and to what degree they serve as a holding pattern versus a desirable alternative to formal sector work. In the process, the authors identify very strong differences in mobility patterns between men and women and attempt to shed some light on whether these differences arise from discrimination or perhaps instead the constraints imposed by household responsibilities. Finally, they study labor market adjustment across the business cycle in Mexico and identify patterns of job creation and destruction among the three paid sectors and confirm the mainstream view of the role of out of the labor force as a procyclical phenomenon.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3583
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Innovation shortfalls / (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958062375302883
    Format: 1 online resource (45 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: There is a common perception that low productivity or low growth is due to what can be called an "innovation shortfall," usually identified as a low rate of investment in research and development (R&D) when compared with some high innovation countries. The usual reaction to this perceived problem is to call for increases in R&D investment rates, usually specifying a target that can be as high as 3 percent of GDP. The problem with this analysis is that it fails to see that a low R&D investment rate may be appropriate given the economy's pattern of specialization, or may be just one manifestation of more general problems that impede accumulation of all kinds of capital. How can we know when a country suffers from an innovation shortfall above and beyond the ones that should be expected given the country's specialization and accumulation patterns? This is the question the authors tackle in this paper. First, they show a simple way to estimate the R&D gap that can be explained by a country's specialization pattern, illustrating it for the case of Chile. For this country they find that although its specialization in natural-resource-intensive sectors explains part of its R&D gap, a significant shortfall remains. Second, the authors show how a calibrated model can be used to determine the R&D gap that should be expected given a country's investment in physical and human capital. If the actual R&D gap is above this expected gap, then one can say that the country suffers from a true innovation shortfall.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4283
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes : An Application To Informality (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958099248602883
    Format: 1 online resource (50 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper discusses a set of statistics for examining and comparing labor market dynamics based on the estimation of continuous time Markov transition processes. It then uses these to establish stylized facts about dynamic patterns of movement using panel data from Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The estimates suggest broad commonalities among the three countries, and establish numerous common patterns of worker mobility among sectors of work and inactivity. As such, we offer some of the first comparative work on labor dynamics. The paper then particularly focuses on the role of the informal sector, both for its intrinsic interest, and as a case study illustrating the strengths and limits of the tools. The results suggest that a substantial part of the informal sector, particularly the self-employed, corresponds to voluntary entry although informal salaried work may correspond more closely to the standard queuing view, especially for younger workers.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4429
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can foreign lobbying enhance development ? : The case of tourism in the Caribbean (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958062378102883
    Format: 1 online resource (25 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: There exist legal channels for informational lobbying of U.S. policymakers by foreign principals. Foreign governments and private sector principals frequently and intensively use this institutional channel to lobby on trade and tourism issues. The authors empirically study whether such lobbying effectively achieves its goal of trade promotion in the context of Caribbean tourism and it is the first paper to examine the potential for using foreign lobbying as a vehicle for development. They use panel data to explore and quantify the association between foreign lobbying by Caribbean principals and U.S. tourist arrivals to Caribbean destinations. A variety of sensitivity analyses support the finding of a strong association. The policy implications are obvious and potentially important for developing countries.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4275
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Revisiting the National Innovation System in Developing Countries / (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958307340402883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The paper argues that there is a greater commonality of approach between the National Innovation Systems approach and mainstream economic analysis than is often asserted, and that a better dialogue between the two could strengthen both perspectives. To this end, the paper uses an off-the-shelf neoclassical model to provide a tentative structure for what a National Innovation Systems schematic might look like and where its boundaries should be. Simulations from the model suggest how present benchmarking techniques may be misleading.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8219
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are Automation and Trade Polarizing Developing Country Labor Markets, Too? / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143904302883
    Format: 1 online resource (30 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The automation and out-sourcing of routine, codifiable tasks are seen as driving polarization in labor markets in high-income countries. This paper first offers several explanations for why developing countries might show differing dynamics, at least for the present. Census data then confirms this, showing on average no evidence of polarization in developing countries. However, incipient polarization in a few countries as well as major drives to automate in some large, labor intensive producers suggests this may not remain the case. This raises concerns first about the impact on equity within those countries, but second the possibility that the traditional flying geese pattern"-whereby low skilled jobs are progressively off-shored to poorer and poorer countries-may be short circuited.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7922
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Convergence to the Managerial Frontier / (2014)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246564502883
    Format: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Using detailed survey data on management practices, this paper uses recent advances in unconditional quantile analysis to study the changes in the within country distribution of management quality associated with country convergence to the managerial frontier. It then decomposes the contribution of potential explanatory factors to the distributional changes. The United States emerges as the frontier country, not because of better management on average, but because its best firms are far better than those of its close competitors. Part of the process of convergence to the frontier across the development process represents a trimming of the left tail, much is movement of the central mass and, for rich countries, it is actually the best firms that lag the frontier benchmark. Among potential explanatory variables that may drive convergence, ownership and human capital appear critical, the former especially for poorer countries and that latter for richer countries suggesting that the mechanics of convergence change across the process. These variables lose their explanatory power as firm and average country management quality rises. Hence, once in the advanced country range, the factors that improve management quality are less easy to document and hence influence.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6822
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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