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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Temporary Migration Have To Be Permanent? / (2005)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almahu_9949269794602882
    Format: 1 online resource (52 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The choice between temporary and permanent migration is today central to the design of migration policies. The authors draw a distinction between the two types of migration on the basis of the associated social cost and the dynamics of learning by migrants. They find that unilateral migration policies are globally inefficient because they lead to too much permanent migration and too little temporary and overall migration. Existing international agreements on labor mobility, such as the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services, have failed to do better because they seek primarily to induce host countries to make commitments to allow entry. Instead, Pareto gains and more liberal migration could be achieved through multilateral agreements that enable host countries to commit to repatriation.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3582
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development, trade, and the WTO : a handbook (2002)
    Washington, D.C. :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958110744002883
    Format: xxx, 641 pages : , illustrations ; , 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) , 27 cm.
    ISBN: 0-8213-5297-0
    Series Statement: World Bank e-Library.
    Note: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-4997-X
    Language: English
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-4997-7
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Services trade and development : the experience of Zambia (2007)
    Basingstoke ; : Palgrave Macmillan ;
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958076722702883
    Format: xvii, 291 pages : , illustrations ; , 23 cm.
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 0-8213-6983-0 , 1-280-81938-3 , 9786610819386 , 0-8213-6850-8
    Series Statement: Trade and development series
    Content: Some see trade in services as irrelevant to the development agenda for least developed countries (LDCs). Others see few benefits from past market openings by LDCs. This book debunks both views. It finds that serious imperfections in Zambia's reform of services trade deprived the country of significant benefits and diminished faith in liberalization. What is to be done? Move aggressively and consistently to eliminate barriers to entry and competition. Develop and enforce regulations to deal with market failures. And implement proactive policies to widen the access of firms, farms, and consumers
    Note: Description based upon print version of record. , CONTENTS; Acknowledgments; Contributors; Abbreviations; 1 Services Trade for Zambia's Development: An Overview; Boxes; Figures; Tables; 2 Services in the Zambian Economy; 3 Telecommunications: The Persistence of Monopoly; 4 Financial Services: Dealing with Limited and Unequal Access; 5 Air Transport: Revitalizing Yamoussoukro; 6 Tourism: Unfulfilled Promise; 7 Migration from Zambia: Ensuring Temporariness through Cooperation , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-6984-9
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-6849-4
    Language: English
    Subjects: Economics
    RVK:
    QR 560
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-6849-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Policies for Electronic Commerce / (1999)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958098525002883
    Format: 1 online resource (32 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: June 2000 - Members of the World Trade Organization have decided provisionally to exempt electronic delivery of products from customs duties. There is growing support for the decision to be made permanent. Is this desirable? Some countries in the World Trade Organization initially opposed WTO's decision to exempt electronic delivery of products from customs duties, out of concern for the revenue consequences. Others supported the decision as a means of securing open trading conditions. Mattoo and Schuknecht argue that neither the inhibitions nor the enthusiasm are fully justified. First, even if all delivery of digitizable media products moved online - an unlikely prospect - the revenue loss for most countries would be small. More important, however, the prohibition of customs duties does not ensure continued open access for electronically delivered products and may even prompt recourse to inferior instruments of protection. Barrier-free electronic commerce would be more effectively secured by deepening and widening the limited cross-border trade commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and by clarifying and strengthening certain GATS disciplines. This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy for goods and services. It is part of a larger project on trade in services supported in part by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development. Aaditya Mattoo may be contacted at amattoo@worldbank.org.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2380
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China's Accession to the World Trade Organization : The Services Dimension (2002)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958067475502883
    Format: 1 online resource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: China's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) commitments represent the most radical services reform program negotiated in the World Trade Organization. China has promised to eliminate over the next few years most restrictions on foreign entry and ownership, as well as most forms of discrimination against foreign firms. These changes are in themselves desirable. However, realizing the gains from, and perhaps even the sustainability of, liberalization will require the implementation of complementary regulatory reform and the appropriate sequencing of reforms. Three issues, in particular, merit attention: Initial restrictions on the geographical scope of services liberalization could encourage the further agglomeration of economic activity in certain regions-to an extent that is unlikely to be reversed completely by subsequent countrywide liberalization; Restrictions on foreign ownership (temporary in most sectors but more durable in telecommunications and life insurance) may dampen the incentives of foreign investors to improve firm performance; Improved prudential regulation and measures to deal with the large burden of nonperforming loans on state banks are necessary to deliver the benefits of liberalization in financial services. And in basic telecommunications and other network-based services, meaningful liberalization will be difficult to achieve without strengthened pro-competitive regulation. This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the implications of services trade reform. This research is supported in part by the U.K. Department for International Development.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2932
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Should Credit Be Given for Autonomous Liberalization in Multilateral Trade Negotiations? / (1999)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958098527602883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: June 2000 - As each new round of multilateral trade negotiations approaches, there is a demand for a negotiating rule that would give credit for previous unilateral liberalization. The feasibility and desirability of such a rule depend on when it is instituted. As each new round of multilateral trade negotiations approaches, there is a demand for a negotiating rule that would give credit for autonomous (unilateral) liberalization. Mattoo and Olarreaga show that the feasibility and desirability of such a rule depend on when it is instituted. A credit rule established at the beginning of a round of negotiations has a primarily distributional effect, favoring those who have already undertaken liberalization. Implementing such a rule would depend on the generosity of those who have not liberalized. The authors propose instead establishing a credit rule at the end of a round of negotiations, which creates an ex ante assurance that any unilateral liberalization will receive credit in the next round. Such a rule would help induce or enhance liberalization in some countries between negotiating rounds by reducing the gains from retaining protection as negotiating currency. More strikingly, it could also lead to deeper levels of multilateral liberalization and induce other countries to go further than they would in the absence of a rule. Most important, such an ex ante rule would not rely on altruism to be generally acceptable. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy in goods and services. The authors may be contacted at amattoo@worldbank.org or molarreaga@worldbank.org.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2374
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regional Agreements and Trade in Services / (2002)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958084157102883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Every major regional trade agreement now has a services dimension. Is trade in services so different that there is need to modify the conclusions on preferential agreements pertaining to goods reached so far? Mattoo and Fink first examine the implications of unilateral policy choices in a particular services market. They then explore the economics of international cooperation and identify the circumstances in which a country is more likely to benefit from cooperation in a regional rather than multilateral forum. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the implications of liberalizing trade in services. The authors may be contacted at amattoo@worldbank.org or cfink@worldbank.org.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2852
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reciprocity across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula (1999)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958098527902883
    Format: 1 online resource (24 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: June 2000 - If negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization are to advance liberalization beyond levels undertaken unilaterally and lead to more balanced outcomes, reciprocity must play a greater role in negotiations. This may be facilitated by the use of negotiating rules that establish credible links across sectors and modes of delivery. Negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization (WTO) have so far produced little liberalization beyond levels countries have undertaken unilaterally. One reason: limited application of the traditional negotiating principle of reciprocity. In particular, participants have failed to exploit the scope of the services agreement (GATS) for the exchange of market-access concessions across different modes of supply - cross-border delivery and the movement of capital and workers. Using the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek framework, Mattoo and Olarreaga propose a negotiating formula that generalizes the fundamental WTO principle of reciprocity to include alternative modes of delivery. Adoption of this formula as a basis for negotiations could bring greater commitments to liberalization on all modes of delivery, producing substantial gains in global welfare and more balanced outcomes. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy in goods and services. The authors may be contacted at amattoo@worldbank.org or molarreaga@worldbank.org
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2373
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Foreign Professionals and Domestic Regulation / (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958095217302883
    Format: 1 online resource (34 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Changes in demographics and patterns of investment in human capital are creating increased scope for international trade in professional services. The scope for mutually beneficial trade is, however, inhibited not only by quotas and discriminatory taxation, but also by domestic regulation - including a range of qualification and licensing requirements and procedures. To illustrate the nature and implications of these regulatory impediments, this paper presents a detailed description of the regulatory requirements faced in the United States market by four types of Indian professionals: doctors, engineers, architects, and accountants. India is one of the largest exporters of skilled services, and the United States is one of the largest importers of skilled services, so these two countries reflect broader global trends. The paper argues that regulatory discrimination, for example through preferential recognition agreements, has implications both for the pattern of trade and for welfare. It presents some illustrative estimates that suggest the economic cost of regulations may be substantial. The paper concludes by examining how the trade-inhibiting impact of regulatory requirements could be addressed through bilateral and multilateral negotiations.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4782
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Services Trade and Growth / (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958099242302883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial intermediation, et cetera This paper discusses the role of services in economic growth, focusing in particular on channels through which openness to trade in services may increase productivity at the level of the economy as a whole, industries and the firm. The authors explore what recent empirical work suggests could be done to enhance comparative advantage in the production and export of services and how to design policy reforms to open services markets to greater foreign participation in a way that ensures not just greater efficiency but also greater equity in terms of access to services.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4461
    URL: Volltext
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