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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inclusive Growth, Institutions, and the Underground Economy (2012)
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_845836609
    Format: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1463937083 , 9781463937089
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 12/47
    Content: Worldwide protests against the perceived lack of economic opportunity and failure of governance have refocused attention on the need for inclusive growth and strong institutions. In developing countries, large informal economies limit state capacity to deliver governance and strong institutions, which in turn discourages participation in and expansion of the formal economy. This paper analyzes the determinants of the underground economy, with particular emphasis on the role of institutions and the rule of law. We find that when businesses are faced with onerous regulation, inconsistent enforcement and corruption, they have an incentive to hide their activities in the underground economy. Empirical analysis suggests that institutions are a more important determinant of the size of the underground economy than tax rates
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Mohommad, Adil Inclusive Growth, Institutions, and the Underground Economy Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, 2012 ISBN 9781463937089
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.5089/9781463937089.001
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    Stabi Berlin
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labor Market Adjustments to Shocks in Australia / (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9959232459402883
    Format: 1 online resource (34 pages)
    ISBN: 1-4843-0193-5 , 1-4843-0209-5
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: Labor markets in Australia have adjusted smoothly to significant declines in commodity prices with little increase in unemployment. This paper examines several aspects of the adjustment, focusing on (i) evidence of increased labor market frictions following the commodity price decline; (ii) flexibility in labor input adjustment in response to demand shocks; (iii) changes in labor productivity in the wake of resource reallocation with the decline in mining investment, (iv) and the role of migration in adjusting to the commodity price and mining investment cycle. We find little evidence of increased labor market frictions with the decline in commodity prices. The relatively smooth transition has been assisted by increased flexibility in adjustment of worker hours over time. Labor productivity growth has sustained its historical average through the transition, despite some temporary drag as the economy rebalances. Finally, migration has played a key role in labor market adjustment through the commodity cycle.
    Note: Cover -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- II. Does Higher Long-Term Unemployment Indicate More Labor Market Frictions? -- III. What Are the Implications Of Greater Labor Market Flexibility for Labor Market Slack and Wages? -- IV. Have Sectoral Shifts in Labor Affected Labor Productivity? -- V. How Did States' Labor Markets Adjust to the Commodity Price and Mining Investment Cycle? -- VI. Summary and Conclusion -- FIGURES -- 1. Key Real Sector and Labor Market Developments -- 2. Structural Unemployment -- 3. Cyclical Adjustment in Labor Input -- 4. Differences in Sectoral Cyclical Adjustment in Labor Input -- 5. Part-time Work, Hours Worked, and Underemployment -- 6. Wages and Labor Market Slack -- 7. Share in Aggregate Hours Worked -- 8. Sectoral Average Hours and Employment Changes -- 9. Share in Aggregate Hours and Labor Productivity -- 10. Labor Market Developments in States -- 11A. Impulse Responses to 1% State-Specific Employment Shock -- 11B. Impulse Responses to 1% Employment Shock -- 12. Historical Decomposition of Employment Growth -- APPENDICES -- I. Fitting a Beveridge Curve for Australia -- II. Cyclical Features of Labor Market Adjustment -- III. Role of Migration in States' Labor Market Adjustment -- References.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 1-4843-0176-5
    Language: English
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    Online Resource
    Charité
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of COVID-19 on Attitudes to Climate Change and Support for Climate Policies / (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9960178741402883
    Format: 22 p.
    ISBN: 979-84-00-20199-8
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: This paper inquires into how individual attitudes to climate issues and support for climate policies have evolved in the context of the pandemic. Using data from a unique survey of 14,500 individuals across 16 major economies, this study shows that the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic increased concern for climate change and public support for green recovery policies. This suggests that the global health crisis has opened up more space for policy makers in key large economies to implement bolder climate policies. The study also finds that support for climate policies decreases when a person has experienced income and/or job loss during the pandemic. Protecting incomes and livelihoods in the near-term is thus important also from a climate policy perspective.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 979-84-00-20002-1
    Language: English
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    Online Resource
    Charité
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of COVID-19 on Attitudes to Climate Change and Support for Climate Policies / (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edocfu_9960178741402883
    Format: 22 p.
    ISBN: 979-84-00-20199-8
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: This paper inquires into how individual attitudes to climate issues and support for climate policies have evolved in the context of the pandemic. Using data from a unique survey of 14,500 individuals across 16 major economies, this study shows that the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic increased concern for climate change and public support for green recovery policies. This suggests that the global health crisis has opened up more space for policy makers in key large economies to implement bolder climate policies. The study also finds that support for climate policies decreases when a person has experienced income and/or job loss during the pandemic. Protecting incomes and livelihoods in the near-term is thus important also from a climate policy perspective.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 979-84-00-20002-1
    Language: English
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    Online Resource
    FU Berlin
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jobs Impact of Green Energy / (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9960848108902883
    Format: 17 p.
    ISBN: 979-84-00-21137-9
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: This brief paper accompanies the Green Energy and Jobs tool, which is a simple excel-based tool to estimate the job-creation potential of greening the electricity sector. Specifically, it calculates the net job gains or losses from increasing the level of energy efficiency, and from increasing the share of clean and renewable electricity generation in the total electricity output mix. The tool relies on estimates of job multipliers in the literature, and adds evidence from firm-level data on the job-intensity of different energy sources. The paper illustrates applications of the tool using data from the IEA’s Sustainable Development Scenario compared to business-as-usual. This tool is intended to help country teams engage further on climate change issues in bilateral surveillance.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 979-84-00-21063-1
    Language: English
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    Charité
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jobs Impact of Green Energy / (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edocfu_9960848108902883
    Format: 17 p.
    ISBN: 979-84-00-21137-9
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: This brief paper accompanies the Green Energy and Jobs tool, which is a simple excel-based tool to estimate the job-creation potential of greening the electricity sector. Specifically, it calculates the net job gains or losses from increasing the level of energy efficiency, and from increasing the share of clean and renewable electricity generation in the total electricity output mix. The tool relies on estimates of job multipliers in the literature, and adds evidence from firm-level data on the job-intensity of different energy sources. The paper illustrates applications of the tool using data from the IEA’s Sustainable Development Scenario compared to business-as-usual. This tool is intended to help country teams engage further on climate change issues in bilateral surveillance.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 979-84-00-21063-1
    Language: English
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    FU Berlin
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Sequencing Towards Carbon Pricing - Empirical Evidence From G20 Economies and Other Major Emitters / (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9960847837102883
    Format: 33 p.
    ISBN: 979-84-00-20774-7
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: Carbon pricing is considered the most efficient policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but it has also been conjectured that other policies need to be implemented first to remove certain economic and political barriers to stringent climate policy. Here, we examine empirical evidence on the the sequence of policy adoption and climate policy portfolios of G20 economies and other major emitters that eventually implemented a national carbon price. We find that all countries adopted carbon pricing late in their instrument sequence after the adoption of (almost) all other instrument types. Furthermore, we find that countries that adopted carbon pricing in a given year had significantly larger climate policy portfolios than those that did not. In the last part of the paper, we examine heterogeneity among countries that eventually adopted a carbon price. We find large variation in the size of policy portfolios of adopters of carbon pricing, with more recent adopters appearing to have introduced carbon pricing with smaller portfolios. Furthermore, countries that adopted carbon pricing with larger policy portfolios tended to implement a higher carbon price. Overall, our results thus suggest that policy sequencing played an important role in climate policy, specifically the adoption of carbon pricing, over the last 20 years.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 979-84-00-20376-3
    Language: English
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    Online Resource
    Charité
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The International Diffusion of Policies for Climate Change Mitigation / (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9960848106802883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    ISBN: 979-84-00-21328-1
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: In this paper, we study the international diffusion of carbon pricing policies. In the first part, we empirically examine to what extent the adoption of carbon pricing in a given country can explain the subsequent adoption of the same policy in other countries. In the second part, we quantify the global benefits of policy diffusion in terms of greenhouse gas emission reductions elsewhere. To do so, we combine a large international dataset on carbon pricing with several other datasets. For causal identification, we estimate semi-parametric Cox proportional hazard models. We find robust and statistically significant evidence for policy diffusion.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 979-84-00-21309-0
    Language: English
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    Charité
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International Trade Spillovers from Domestic COVID-19 Lockdowns / (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edocfu_9960848104402883
    Format: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    ISBN: 979-84-00-21231-4
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: While standard demand factors perform well in predicting historical trade patterns, they fail conspicuously in 2020, when pandemic-specific factors played a key role above and beyond demand. Prediction errors from a multilateral import demand model in 2020 vary systematically with the health preparedness of trade partners, suggesting that pandemic-response policies have international spillovers. Bilateral product-level data covering about 95 percent of global goods trade reveals sizable negative international spillovers to trade from supply disruptions due to domestic lockdowns. These international spillovers accounted for up to 60 percent of the observed decline in trade in the early phase of the pandemic, but their effect was shortlived, concentrated among goods produced in key global value chains, and mitigated by the availability of remote working and the size of the fiscal response to the pandemic.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 979-84-00-21217-8
    Language: English
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    Online Resource
    FU Berlin
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Sequencing Towards Carbon Pricing - Empirical Evidence From G20 Economies and Other Major Emitters / (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,
    Details
    UID:
    edocfu_9960847837102883
    Format: 33 p.
    ISBN: 979-84-00-20774-7
    Series Statement: IMF Working Papers
    Content: Carbon pricing is considered the most efficient policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but it has also been conjectured that other policies need to be implemented first to remove certain economic and political barriers to stringent climate policy. Here, we examine empirical evidence on the the sequence of policy adoption and climate policy portfolios of G20 economies and other major emitters that eventually implemented a national carbon price. We find that all countries adopted carbon pricing late in their instrument sequence after the adoption of (almost) all other instrument types. Furthermore, we find that countries that adopted carbon pricing in a given year had significantly larger climate policy portfolios than those that did not. In the last part of the paper, we examine heterogeneity among countries that eventually adopted a carbon price. We find large variation in the size of policy portfolios of adopters of carbon pricing, with more recent adopters appearing to have introduced carbon pricing with smaller portfolios. Furthermore, countries that adopted carbon pricing with larger policy portfolios tended to implement a higher carbon price. Overall, our results thus suggest that policy sequencing played an important role in climate policy, specifically the adoption of carbon pricing, over the last 20 years.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 979-84-00-20376-3
    Language: English
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    FU Berlin
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