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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is Living in African Cities Expensive? / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143932702883
    Format: 1 online resource (27 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Although several studies have examined why overall price levels are higher in richer countries, little is known about whether there is a similar relationship at the urban and city level across countries. This paper compares the price levels of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa with those of other regions by analyzing price information collected for the 2011 round of the International Comparison Program. Readjusting the calculated price levels from national to urban levels, the analysis indicates that African cities are relatively more expensive, despite having lower income levels. The price levels of goods and services consumed by households are up to 31percent higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other low- and middle-income countries, relative to their income levels. Food and non-alcoholic beverages are especially expensive, with price levels around 35 percent higher than in other countries. The paper also analyzes price information collected by the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, and obtains a similar result, indicating higher prices of goods and services in African cities.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7641
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tenure Security Premium in Informal Housing Markets : A Spatial Hedonic Analysis. (2015)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143943002883
    Format: 1 online resource (37 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper estimates slum residents' willingness to pay for formalized land tenure in Pune, India. In so doing, it offers evidence that the legal assurance of slum residents' occupancy of their lands could benefit them. Previous studies have discussed legal and non-legal factors that substantially influence the tenure security of residents in informal settlements. However, it remains unclear to what extent, and how, the assignment of legal property rights through the formalization of land tenure improves the tenure security of residents in informal settlements and living conditions, even in the presence of other legal and non-legal factors that also contribute to their tenure security. To address the question, this study focuses on the city of Pune, India, where government agencies have formalized slums by legally ensuring the occupancy of the residents under "slum declaration." Applying a hedonic price model to an original household survey, this paper investigates how slum residents evaluate formalized land tenure. A spatial econometrics method is also applied to account for spatially autocorrelated unobserved errors. The spatial hedonic analysis finds that the premium of slum declaration is worth 19 percent of the average housing rent in slums. The associated marginal willingness to pay is equivalent to 6 percent of the average household expenditure, although it is heterogeneous depending on a household's caste and other legal conditions. This finding suggests that the assurance of occupancy rights is a vital component of land-tenure formalization policy even if it does not directly provide full property rights.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7526
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating Poverty in Kinshasa by Dealing with Sampling and Comparability Issues / (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960786870302883
    Format: 1 online resource (42 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper proposes monetary poverty and inequality estimates for Kinshasa using a new Kinshasa household survey implemented in 2018. Given the obsolescence of the sampling frame, the survey was sampled using satellite imagery. However, the collection of data in the field was affected by sampling errors that are likely to compromise the representativeness of the sample. After addressing these sampling issues and dealing with some comparability issues with the 2012 survey, the paper shows that poverty and inequality increased significantly during 2012-18 in Kinshasa. Poverty has increased in the city by 12 percentage points, from 53 to 65 percent, partly due to the loss of purchasing power following the sharp depreciation in 2017. Other explanatory factors include demographic factors, human capital, and spatial factors. The deterioration in well-being also appears to have been exacerbated by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic through decline in labor and nonlabor income and disruptions in goods and services markets and public services.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9858
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial Heterogeneity of COVID-19 Impacts on Urban Household Incomes : Between- and Within-City Evidence from Two African Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960787127502883
    Format: 1 online resource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper examines spatial heterogeneity in the impacts of the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban household incomes in Ethiopia and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Combining new panel household surveys with spatial data, the fixed-effects regression analysis for Ethiopia finds that households in large and densely populated towns were more likely to lose their labor incomes in the early phase of the pandemic, and their recovery was slower than other households. Disadvantaged groups, such as female, low-skilled, self-employed, and poor, particularly suffered in those towns. In Kinshasa, labor income-mobility elasticities are higher among workers-particularly female and/or low-skilled workers-who live in areas that are located farther from the city core area or highly dense and precarious neighborhoods. The between- and within-city evidence from two Sub-Saharan African countries points to the spatial heterogeneity of COVID-19 impacts, implying the critical role of mobility and accessibility in urban agglomerations.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9762
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Demographic and Spatial Disparities in Labor Market Outcomes within the Kinshasa Urban Landscape / (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960786716102883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper examines the labor market and jobs in urban Kinshasa, by drawing on a recently collected household survey and other data sets. It particularly focuses on labor supply and employment patterns, job characteristics, and their spatial nexus. The analysis first shows that female and young workers are more likely to experience unemployment and underemployment than other workers in Kinshasa. Second, the availability of good quality jobs is still limited in Kinshasa. Third, in addition to the scarcity of good jobs, which are concentrated in the city core, poor accessibility due to the limited connective infrastructure and transport system further reduces job opportunities for people living in the outskirts.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9856
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Linking Intra- and Inter-Country Spatial Price Adjustments in Global Poverty Measurement : Urban PPP Bias and Reference Price Mismatch (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960054843002883
    Format: 1 online resource (21 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Measuring global poverty requires two types of spatial price adjustments: inter-country price adjustment based on the international purchasing power parities (PPPs) and intra-country price adjustment to account for cost-of-living variations in different parts of a country, especially between urban and rural areas. Current global poverty measurement lacks an adjustment mechanism for this within-country price variation for many countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper highlights the need for matching reference prices with those the International Comparison Program (ICP) uses for PPP calculation to avoid poverty estimation bias, largely because many countries collected 2011 ICP price information only in urban areas. Data from four Sub-Saharan African countries are used to show that potential bias in estimated poverty rates due to such reference price mismatches ranges from 0.3 to 6.2 points in absolute terms. A larger bias is observed in countries where gaps between urban and rural prices are greater. The analysis also shows potentially large bias due to lack of intra-country price adjustments. These potential biases underscore the urgent need for conducting within-country price adjustments and matching purchasing power parity reference prices with country spatial price deflators. An important first step is to identify what reference prices the 2011PPPs used for each country, which currently is not clear. The World Bank, with ongoing relationships with National Statistics Offices, is well positioned to take up this task to improve the accuracy of the methodology for estimating poverty at the global, regional, and national levels.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9684
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Profiling Living Conditions of the DRC Urban Population : Access to Housing and Services in Kinshasa Province (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960787017802883
    Format: 1 online resource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper examines living conditions-mainly access to infrastructure and basic services-in Kinshasa, by focusing on how they vary within the city and how they are related to household characteristics. First, drawing on a household survey conducted in the capital province in 2018, the paper shows that many Kinshasa residents live with substandard housing and inadequate levels of access to infrastructure and basic services. Second, the level and quality of access to basic services are highly correlated with residents' consumption and education levels, as well as their neighborhood characteristics. Third, despite the presence of negative externalities from the high population density, poor households benefit from living in dense neighborhoods by gaining a minimum level of access. The paper argues that it is imperative to increase the supply of affordable housing to lessen the inequality of access to services in Kinshasa.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9857
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial Distributions of Job Accessibility, Housing Rents, and Poverty in Nairobi, Kenya / (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960787127802883
    Format: 1 online resource (26 pages) : , illustrations.
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper ; Number 8654
    Content: Whether individuals and job opportunities are well connected is a key determinant of productive urban labor markets. The overall level of job accessibility in a city depends on the locations of jobs and workers' residences, as well as transport networks. Moreover, who has good access to job opportunities hinges on the trade-off faced by households in their residential choices over job accessibility, living conditions, and housing costs. This paper empirically analyzes the spatial distributions of job accessibility, housing rents, and poverty in Nairobi, Kenya. It finds that workers and jobs are not well connected in the city: Nairobi residents can on average access fewer than 10 percent of existing jobs by foot within an hour. Even using a minibus, they can reach only about a quarter of the jobs. This paper further shows that poorer households and/or those who live in informal settlements can reach a more limited number of jobs. Living closer to job opportunities is indeed costly in Nairobi, not only because housing quality and living conditions tend to be better in such areas, but also job accessibility itself is valued as a great amenity in the housing markets, which challenges low-income households' residential location choice.
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rural Roads, Poverty, and Resilience : Evidence from Ethiopia (2019)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959269270002883
    Format: 1 online resource (27 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study analyzes the impacts of the recent rural road development in Ethiopia on welfare and economic outcomes. The identification of the impacts relies on a difference-in-differences matching approach, taking advantage of the nationally representative household survey and the original road database, both of which are panel data spanning between 2012 and 2016. The results of the econometric analysis overall suggest that Ethiopia's recent rural road development has substantially increased household welfare and supported households in coping with the recent severe droughts. This study estimates that rural roads increased, on average, household consumption by 16.1 percent between 2012 and 2016 (or 3.8 percent per year). The effects of rural road development were largest in the most remote communities, as it increased household consumption by 27.9 percent. Furthermore, in the communities most affected by the El Nino drought, the likelihood of falling into poverty was 14.4 percent lower between 2012 and 2016 if the community was connected by a rural road. Taken together, the results suggest that, by connecting remote communities to markets, rural roads have substantially increased the welfare and resilience of rural households in shock-prone environments.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8800
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban Agglomerations and Employment Transitions in Ethiopia / (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959377666202883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Agglomeration boosts economic growth. A vast literature has empirically assessed the effects of agglomeration by estimating the city population elasticity on wages. This conventional approach is not necessarily suitable for analyzing urbanization at the early stage in developing countries, where a majority of urban workers engage in self-employment and/or informal jobs. Focusing on one of the poorest and largest among those countries, this paper sheds light on an aspect of urbanization and agglomeration: the transition in the mode of labor from self-employment/informal jobs to wage employment/formal jobs. Applying the instrumental variable approach to national labor force survey data sets, the analysis underscores several labor market transitions across space in urban Ethiopia. First, the town population size and the share of workers with wage employment are strongly correlated. The probability of engaging in wage work increases by 4.5 percentage points with a log increase in population size. Second, this relationship is particularly strong among disadvantaged workers, such as the female, young, and/or less educated population. Finally, the study documents higher labor force participation and lower underemployment in larger towns.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9184
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
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