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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is Knowledge Shared within Households? / (1999)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958108049002883
    Format: 1 online resource (32 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: December 1999 : Yes - and more efficiently by women than by men, according to this analysis of household survey data for Bangladesh. An illiterate adult earns significantly more in the nonfarm economy when living in a household with at least one literate member. According to theory, a member of a collective-action household may or may not share knowledge with others in that household. Shared income gains from shared knowledge may well be offset by a shift in the balance of power within the family. But do literate members of the household share the benefits of literacy with other members of the household in practice? Using household survey data for Bangladesh, Basu, Narayan, and Ravallion find that education has strong external effects on individual earnings. When a range of personal attributes is held constant, an illiterate adult earns significantly more in the nonfarm economy when living in a household with at least one literate member. That is, a literate person is likely to share some of the benefits of his or her literacy with other members of the household. It is better to be an illiterate in a household where someone is literate than in a household of illiterates only. It is widely noted that a literate mother confers greater benefits on her children than a literate father does. But what about differences between male and female recipients of knowledge? The empirical results suggest that women are more efficient recipients, too. This paper - a joint product of the Office of the Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, Development Economics, and Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand the relationship between literacy and balance of power in the household. This paper was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Intrahousehold Decisionmaking, Literacy, and Child Labor (RPO 683-07). The authors may be contacted at kb40@cornell.edu, anarayan@worldbank.org, or mravallion@worldbank.org.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2261
    URL: Volltext
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    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Shared Prosperity : Links to Growth, Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246581402883
    Format: 1 online resource (34 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Focusing on the welfare of the less well off as a measure of real societal progress is the fundamental principle underlying the WBG indicator of "shared prosperity", namely income growth of the bottom 40 percent in every country. This paper uses a database assembled by the World Bank Group to investigate some basic characteristics of shared prosperity, particularly its relationship with overall economic growth and inequality. Initial estimates using this dataset of 79 countries show that median income growth of the bottom 40 percent (circa 2005-2010) was 4.2 percent, a high number in comparison to the 3.1 percent per capita income growth of the overall population. In addition, the low and lower-middle income countries appear to be trailing the upper middle and high income countries in boosting shared prosperity. Establishing conceptual links between income growth of the bottom 40 percent, the overall growth rate and reviewing existing evidence on how these relate to inequality, the paper discusses two main ideas. First, shared prosperity is strongly correlated with overall prosperity implying that the whole host of policies that are important to generate and sustain growth remain relevant. Second, boosting shared prosperity will also require a concerted effort to strengthen the social contract, particularly in the area of promoting equality of opportunity. Growing evidence suggests that improving access for all and reducing inequality of opportunities-particularly those related to human capital development of children-are not only about "fairness" and building a "just society", but also about realizing a society's aspirations of economic prosperity.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6649
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    FU Berlin
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    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Looking Back on Two Decades of Poverty and Well-Being in India / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143934202883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper provides an overview of poverty and well-being trends in India since the mid-1990s. Poverty reduction since 2005 has been much faster than the earlier decade, as a result of broad-based growth across most geographic areas. Underlying this is a pattern of high mobility in economic status that has led to an emerging middle class. Still, a vast (and rising) share of the population faces significant risk of slipping back into poverty. India's poor are increasingly concentrated in low-income states with historically lower rates of economic progress. Even as India has reduced poverty faster than the developing world as a whole, the degree of poverty reduction associated with growth has been substantially lower than in some of its middle-income peers. India faces important challenges in nonmonetary dimensions of welfare as well. Despite success on important fronts, such as infant and child mortality and secondary education, progress has been slow in others, such as sanitation and nutrition, and lags behind some other countries that are at a similar stage of development.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7626
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why did Poverty Decline in India? : A Nonparametric Decomposition Exercise (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143936202883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper uses panel data to analyze factors that contributed to the rapid decline in poverty in India between 2005 and 2012. The analysis employs a nonparametric decomposition method that measures the relative contributions of different components of household livelihoods to observed changes in poverty. The results show that poverty decline is associated with a significant increase in labor earnings, explained in turn by a steep rise in wages for unskilled labor, and diversification from farm to nonfarm sources of income in rural areas. Transfers, in the form of remittances and social programs, have contributed but are not the primary drivers of poverty ecline over this period. The pattern of changes is consistent with processes associated with structural transformation, which add up to a highly pro-poor pattern of income growth over the initial distribution of income and consumption. However, certain social groups (Adivasis and alits) are found to be more likely to stay in or fall into poverty and less likely to move out of poverty. And even as poverty has reduced dramatically, the share of vulnerable population has not.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7602
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How do Ex Ante Simulations Compare with Ex Post Evaluations : Evidence from the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (2011)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246473102883
    Format: 1 online resource (50 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper compares the ex ante simulation of the impacts of conditional cash transfer programs against the ex post estimates of impacts obtained from experimental evaluations. Using data on program-eligible households in treatment areas from the same baseline surveys that are used for experimental evaluations of conditional cash transfer programs in Mexico and Ecuador, the authors use a micro-simulation model to derive ex ante estimates of the impact of the programs on enrollment rates and poverty. The estimates reveal that ex ante predictions of certain impacts of conditional cash transfer programs match up well against the benchmark estimates of ex post experimental studies. The findings seem to support the use of this model to assess the potential impact and cost efficiency of a conditional cash transfer program ex ante, in order to inform decisions about how the program would be designed.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5705
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    FU Berlin
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Electoral Accountability and Local Government Spending in Indonesia / (2014)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246568202883
    Format: 1 online resource (44 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper takes advantage of the exogenous phasing of direct elections in districts and applies the double-difference estimator to measure impacts on (i) human development outcomes and (ii) the pattern of public spending and revenue generation at the district level. The analysis reveals that four years after the switch to direct elections, there have been no significant effects on human development outcomes. However, the estimates of the impact of Pilkada on health expenditures at the district level suggest that directly elected district officials may have become more responsive to local needs at least in the area of health. The composition of district expenditures changes considerably during the year and sometimes the year before the elections, shifting toward expenditure categories that allow incumbent district heads running as candidates in the direct elections to "buy" voter support. Electoral reforms did not lead to higher revenue generation from own sources and had no effect on the budget surplus of districts with directly elected heads.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6782
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    FU Berlin
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing Poverty and Distributional Impacts of the Global Crisis in the Philippines : A Microsimulation Approach (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246212602883
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: As the financial crisis has spread through the world, the lack of real-time data has made it difficult to track its impact in developing countries. This paper uses a micro-simulation approach to assess the poverty and distributional effects of the crisis in the Philippines. The authors find increases in both the level and the depth of aggregate poverty. Income shocks are relatively large in the middle part of the income distribution. They also find that characteristics of people who become poor because of the crisis are different from those of both chronically poor people and the general population. The findings can be useful for policy makers wishing to identify leading monitoring indicators to track the impact of macroeconomic shocks and to design policies that protect vulnerable groups.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5286
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    FU Berlin
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Electoral accountability, fiscal decentralization and service delivery in Indonesia / (2011)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246481902883
    Format: 1 online resource (56 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper takes advantage of the exogenous phasing of direct elections in districts and applies the double difference estimator to: (i) measure impacts on the pattern of public spending and revenue generation at the district level; and (ii) investigate the heterogeneity of the impacts on public spending. The authors confirm that the electoral reforms had positive effects on district expenditures and these effects were mainly due to the increases in expenditures in the districts outside Java and Bali and the changes in expenditures brought about by non-incumbents elected in the districts. Electoral reforms also led to higher revenue generation from own sources and to higher budget surplus. Finally, the analysis finds that in anticipation of the forthcoming direct elections, district governments tend to have higher current expenditures on public works.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5614
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    FU Berlin
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    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring the Quality of Education and Health Services : the Use of Perception Data From Indonesia (2009)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958076711502883
    Format: 1 online resource (55 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Satisfaction surveys offer a potentially convenient and cost-effective means for measuring the quality of services. However, concerns about subjectivity and selection bias impede greater use of satisfaction data. This paper analyzes satisfaction data about health and educational services from the 2006 second round of the Governance and Decentralization Survey in Indonesia to assess whether satisfaction data can serve as reliable indicators of quality, despite dubiously high levels of reported satisfaction. The authors use an expectation disconfirmation model that posits that a user's satisfaction with a facility improves with the (positive) difference between the actual quality of the facility and the household's expected standard for quality, which is influenced by its socioeconomic characteristics. The findings show that, after taking into account the expectations of households, reported satisfaction does vary significantly with objective indicators of quality. The analysis also checks for possible selection bias affecting the results by using a two-stage selection model. The model yields policy-relevant insights into the aspects of service delivery that most affect satisfaction, highlights differences across rich and poor districts, and shows that once the role of expectations has been factored in, the variation in user satisfaction can be highly informative for policymakers and researchers alike.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5033
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    FU Berlin
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 10
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    Online Resource
    How Unfair is the Inequality of Wage Earnings in Russia? Estimates from Panel Data / (2015)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246516802883
    Format: 1 online resource (20 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper attempts to determine the extent to which inequality in wage earnings in the Russian Federation is unfair. Unlike other similar attempts that can, at best, produce a lower bound on the estimate of the share of inequality that is unfair, this paper exploits the longitudinal nature of the data to come up with a lower bound as well as an upper bound. The upper bound is further refined to take into account the indirect effect of circumstances at birth (gender, parental wealth, et cetera) on effort. Results show that the upper bound on the inequality of opportunity may be three to four times the measured lower bound and significantly higher for females than males in the sample. Finally, comparison with the United States and Germany show that although total inequality is lower in Russia, the share of unfair inequality is distinctly larger. The markedly large explanatory role of extraneous factors, such as gender and parental characteristics, in wage inequality calls for a close examination of governments' efforts to address inequities in the labor market.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7291
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    FU Berlin
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    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
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