UID:
almahu_9949697297702882
Format:
1 online resource (757 pages)
ISBN:
0-323-50879-0
,
0-323-50878-2
Note:
Front Cover -- Biomedical Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials -- Biomedical Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- REFERENCES -- 1 - From the "Magic Bullet" to Advanced Nanomaterials for Active Targeting in Diagnostics and Therapeutics -- 1. PAUL EHRLICH AND THE "MAGIC BULLET" -- 2. PASSIVE VERSUS ACTIVE TARGETING IN CANCER AS MODEL -- 2.1 SUGARS -- 2.2 TRANSFERRIN AND LACTOFERRIN -- 2.3 FOLIC ACID -- 2.4 HYALURONIC ACID -- 2.5 ANTIBODIES -- 2.6 APTAMERS -- 3. EMERGING CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- I - Ligand Selection and Functionalization of Nanomaterials -- 2 - Conjugation Chemistry Principles and Surface Functionalization of Nanomaterials -- 1. CONJUGATION CHEMISTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF BIOMEDICAL NANOMATERIALS -- 2. CONJUGATION CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES -- 2.1 AMINE REACTIONS -- 2.1.1 Amide Bond Formation: Strategies -- 2.1.1.1 Acyl Halides -- 2.1.1.2 Acyl Azides -- 2.1.1.3 Acylimidazoles -- 2.1.1.4 Anhydrides -- 2.1.1.5 O-Acylisourea Using Carbodiimides as Coupling Reagents -- 2.1.1.6 Active Esters -- 2.1.1.7 Staudinger Ligation -- 2.1.1.8 Microwave Activation -- 2.1.2 Phosphoramidate Formation: Strategies -- 2.2 THIOL REACTIONS -- 2.2.1 Thioether Bond Formation: Addition of Thiols at Multiple Bonds of Unsaturated Compounds -- 2.2.2 Disulfide Bridge -- 2.3 HYDROXYL REACTIONS -- 2.3.1 Ester Bond Formation: Strategies -- 2.3.1.1 Acyl Halides, Anhydrides, and O-Acylisoureas via Carbodiimide Coupling -- 2.3.1.2 Mitsunobu Coupling -- 2.3.2 Carbamate Linkage Formation: Strategies -- 2.4 CARBOXYLIC ACID REACTIONS -- 2.5 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES REACTIONS -- 2.6 ALKENES AND ALKYNES -- 2.6.1 Diels-Alder Cycloaddition -- 2.6.2 Click Chemistry -- 2.6.2.1 Huisgen 1,3-Dipolar Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions -- 2.7 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS.
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3. SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS AS A POWERFUL TOOL FOR THE DESIGN OF SURFACE-ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS -- 3.1 BIOMOLECULES CONJUGATION ONTO SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS VIA COVALENT BINDING -- 3.1.1 Maleimide-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers -- 3.1.2 Alkyne or Azide-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers ("Click Chemistry") -- 3.1.3 Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers -- 3.1.4 Hydroxyl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers -- 3.2 BIOMOLECULES CONJUGATION ON SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS VIA AFFINITY BINDING -- 4. CHALLENGES IN (BIO)CONJUGATION -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Phage Display Technology for Selection of Antibody Fragments -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ANTIBODY PHAGE DISPLAY LIBRARIES -- 2.1 ANTIBODIES FROM NAÏVE AND IMMUNE PHAGE DISPLAY LIBRARIES -- 2.2 ANTIBODIES FROM SYNTHETIC AND SEMISYNTHETIC PHAGE DISPLAY LIBRARIES -- 3. SELECTION AND SCREENING OF ANTIBODY PHAGE DISPLAY LIBRARIES -- 4. ANTIBODY ENGINEERING -- 4.1 AFFINITY MATURATION OF ANTIBODIES -- 4.2 HUMANIZATION OF ANTIBODIES -- 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Ribosome Display Technology for Selecting Peptide and Protein Ligands -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EMERGENCE OF IN VITRO DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES -- 3. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND FEATURES OF RIBOSOME DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY -- 4. SELECTION OF PEPTIDES USING RIBOSOME DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY -- 5. SELECTION OF ANTIBODY FRAGMENTS USING RIBOSOME DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY -- 6. SELECTION OF PROTEINS USING RIBOSOME DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY -- 6.1 CREATION OF STRUCTURAL PROTEINS WITH TARGET-BINDING AFFINITY -- 6.2 IDENTIFICATION OF TARGET PROTEINS THAT BIND TO BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Engineered Protein Variants for Bioconjugation -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BIOCONJUGATION ON NATURAL AMINO ACIDS -- 2.1 LYSINE AND AMINE-TARGETED STRATEGIES -- 2.2 CYSTEINE/THIOL-TARGETED STRATEGIES.
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2.3 TYROSINE -- 2.4 OTHER NATURAL AMINO ACIDS -- 3. BIOCONJUGATION ON UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS -- 3.1 UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS USED FOR BIOCONJUGATION AND TYPES OF CHEMISTRY INVOLVED -- 3.1.1 Ketone/Aldehyde -- 3.1.2 Azides -- 3.1.3 Alkynes -- 3.1.4 Alkenes/Tetrazines -- 3.2 INCORPORATION OF UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS IN PEPTIDES/PROTEINS -- 4. AFFINITY-INDUCED BIOCONJUGATION -- 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Bioengineered Approaches for Site Orientation of Peptide-Based Ligands of Nanomaterials -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONTROL OF PEPTIDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY -- 2.1 NONSPECIFIC ADSORPTION VERSUS COVALENT CONJUGATION -- 2.2 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES -- 2.3 CHEMICAL LIGATION STRATEGIES -- 2.4 NONCLASSICAL CONJUGATION STRATEGIES -- 3. IMPACT OF BOND STRENGTH AND LINKER LENGTH ON BIOCONJUGATION -- 3.1 STREPTAVIDIN-BIOTIN -- 3.2 HIS6-TAG-METAL COORDINATION -- 3.3 THIOL-DISULFIDE/THIOETHER/METAL COORDINATION: THE NATIVE CHEMICAL LIGATION -- 3.4 AZIDE-ALKENE/ALKYNE CYCLOADDITION -- 3.5 HYDRAZINE/AMINE-ALDEHYDE LIGATION -- 3.6 STAUDINGER LIGATION -- 4. IMPACT OF LIGAND DENSITY ON THE TARGETING EFFICIENCY OF NANOCONJUGATES -- 5. PROTEIN CORONA EFFECT AND MINIMIZATION OF NONSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS -- 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Nanozymes for Biomedical Sensing Applications: From In Vitro to Living Systems -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NANOZYMES FOR IN VITRO SENSING -- 2.1 NANOZYME AS PEROXIDASE MIMIC FOR COLORIMETRIC SENSING -- 2.2 NANOZYME AS OXIDASE MIMIC FOR COLORIMETRIC SENSING -- 2.3 NANOZYME COMBINES PEROXIDASE AND OXIDASE MIMICS FOR COLORIMETRIC SENSING -- 2.4 OTHERS BASED ON FLUOROMETRIC, CHEMILUMINESCENT, AND ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING -- 3. NANOZYME FOR SENSING IN LIVING SYSTEMS -- 4. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.
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8 - Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment for Aptamer Selection -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. POTENTIAL APTAMER TARGETS -- 3. ADVANTAGES OF APTAMERS -- 4. RANDOM OLIGONUCLEOTIDE LIBRARIES -- 5. SYSTEMATIC EVOLUTION OF LIGANDS BY EXPONENTIAL ENRICHMENT -- 5.1 INCUBATION OF RANDOM OLIGONUCLEOTIDE POOL WITH TARGET OF INTEREST -- 5.2 SEPARATION OF UNREACTED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND ELUTION OF TARGET-BOUND OLIGONUCLEOTIDES -- 5.3 AMPLIFICATION OF THE ELUTED APTAMER CANDIDATES -- 5.3.1 Single-Stranded DNA Production Methods -- 5.3.2 Enrichment of the Random Oligonucleotide Library Through Iteration -- 6. SEQUENCING OF THE ENRICHED APTAMER POOLS -- 6.1 EVALUATION OF SEQUENCING DATA -- 7. EVALUATION OF APTAMER-BINDING KINETICS -- 8. POST-SYSTEMATIC EVOLUTION OF LIGANDS BY EXPONENTIAL ENRICHMENT MODIFICATIONS -- 8.1 LENGTH MODIFICATION: TRUNCATION -- 8.2 BACKBONE MODIFICATION: SUGAR RING ALTERATION -- 8.3 TAIL MODIFICATION: 3' OR 5' MODIFICATION -- 9. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- II - Specific Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials inTherapy and Diagnostics -- 9 - Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Bioimaging -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE-BASED NANOMATERIALS -- 2.1 SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES -- 2.2 IN SITU GROWTH METHOD -- 2.3 BINDING METHOD -- 3. SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF GRAPHENE-BASED NANOMATERIALS -- 4. GRAPHENE-BASED NANOMATERIALS IN BIOIMAGING -- 4.1 OPTICAL IMAGING -- 4.1.1 Fluorescence Imaging -- 4.1.2 Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging -- 4.2 RADIONUCLIDE-BASED IMAGING -- 4.3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- 4.4 PHOTOACOUSTIC IMAGING -- 4.5 RAMAN IMAGING -- 4.6 MULTIMODAL IMAGING -- 5. PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Functionalized Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications -- 1. INTRODUCTION.
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2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES -- 3. SYNTHESIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES -- 3.1 TOP-DOWN APPROACH -- 3.2 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH -- 4. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS -- 4.1 POLYMERS -- 4.2 SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES -- 4.3 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID-BASED FUNCTIONALIZATION -- 4.4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL HETEROSTRUCTURES -- 4.5 METALLIC NANOPARTICLES -- 4.6 NANOPORES -- 5. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Intracellular Targeting Using Surface-Modified Gold Nanoparticles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NUCLEAR TARGETING OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES -- 3. STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX -- 4. MECHANISM OF NUCLEAR ENTRY AND TRANSPORT -- 5. DIFFERENT SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZING STRATEGIES FOR NUCLEAR TARGETING OF NANOPARTICLES -- 6. IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR PROBING NUCLEAR TARGETING -- 7. GOLD-BASED NANOSTRUCTURMES FOR IMPROVED CANCER THERAPEUTICS -- 8. RADIATION THERAPY -- 9. ANTICANCER DRUG DELIVERY -- 10. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTION -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES: MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS -- 3. SURFACE MODIFICATION ROUTES FOR THE PREPARATION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL FE3O4 MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES -- 3.1 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES WITH MOLECULAR MONOLAYERS AND POLYMERIC COATINGS -- 3.1.1 Silane Group -- 3.1.2 Catechol -- 3.1.3 Carboxylic Acid -- 3.1.4 Phosphonic Acid -- 3.1.5 Polymeric Coatings -- 3.2 BIOCONJUGATION CHEMISTRY -- 3.2.1 Physical Interactions -- 3.2.2 Carbodiimide Coupling Reaction -- 3.2.3 Click Chemistry -- 3.2.4 Maleimide Coupling -- 4. ORGANIC-MODIFIED MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS -- 4.1 IN VITRO APPLICATIONS: MAGNETIC SEPARATIONS AND BIOSENSING.
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4.2 CONSIDERATIONS ON NANOPARTICLE DESIGN FOR IN VIVO APPLICATIONS.
Language:
English
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