UID:
almahu_9949465357002882
Format:
1 online resource (337 pages)
ISBN:
9781788215268
Content:
Written by two medics, who are also qualified economists, this introduction to health economics draws on a wider range of economic thinking than that normally underpinning health policy to explore how economics can best contribute to improved health care.
Note:
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Dedication -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface and acknowledgements -- Introduction: approaching health economics -- Our approach and structure of the book -- Part I Health, healthcare and healthcare systems -- 1 Understanding "health" in health economics -- 1.1 Definitions and models of "health" and "disease" -- 1.2 Pathology and the definition of specific diseases -- 1.3 Factors influencing health and disease -- 1.4 Data, data sources and data analysis -- 1.5 Health and human rights -- Further reading -- 2 From disease to care -- 2.1 Need and demand for healthcare -- 2.2 Healthcare systems -- 2.3 Providing care -- 2.4 Quality of care -- Further reading -- 3 Ethics, values and the idea of a good life -- 3.1 Theories of justice -- 3.2 Governance and the role of social institutions -- 3.3 Positive and normative health economics -- 3.4 Disease, incentives and moral convictions: towards a dictatorship of health? -- Further reading -- 4 Healthcare management -- 4.1 Management: history and terminology -- 4.2 Management and organizations -- 4.3 Management activities -- Further reading -- 5 Financing healthcare -- 5.1 Spending on healthcare -- 5.2 Describing financial flows: national health accounts -- 5.3 Who pays for whom? Equity in financing -- 5.4 Effects of healthcare spending on the household -- Further reading -- 6 The relationship between macroeconomics and health -- 6.1 The economic consequences of disease -- 6.2 Investing in health -- 6.3 The basis for government spending: fiscal space -- 6.4 Social security, automatic stabilizers and projecting future costs -- Further reading -- 7 Comparing healthcare systems -- 7.1 Comparative healthcare system analysis: economics, data, history and attitudes -- 7.2 Social health insurance in Germany -- 7.3 The Beveridge Report and the UK welfare state.
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7.4 Sin taxes to finance national health insurance: the Philippines -- 7.5 World war and vested interests prevented the creation of a national health insurance: the United States -- Further reading -- Part II Health economic theory -- 8 Approaching healthcare from an economic perspective -- 8.1 Economic thinking in healthcare and the role of health economics -- The role of public goods -- The role of health economics: providing data and reflecting on goals -- 8.2 Economics as a field of study and economics as a method -- 8.3 A very short history of health economics -- 8.4 The political economy of healthcare systems -- 8.5 Mathematics, models and causality in health economics -- Independent and dependent variables, models, econometrics and mixed methods -- Further reading -- 9 Neoclassical economics: The prevailing approach -- 9.1 Homo economicus -- Utility -- Marginal analysis -- Efficiency -- Rationality -- Human capital and investing in people -- 9.2 Welfare economics -- 9.3 Two key works: Kenneth Arrow and Michael Grossman -- 9.4 Game theory -- Vaccination -- 9.5 Criticisms of neoclassical theory -- Unrealistic modelling of human behaviour -- Neglect of transaction costs -- Neglect of institutions -- Ignoring alternative modes of distribution -- 9.6 Responses: historical school, behavioural economics and new institutional economics -- Historical school: putting economics in context -- Behavioural economics: how do people make decisions? -- New institutional economics: understanding markets and institutions -- Further reading -- Appendix -- An example of neoclassical reasoning in health economics: Arrow's calculation of loss of utility -- 10 Markets, market failure, state intervention and state failure -- 10.1 Markets -- Pareto efficiency and Pareto optimum -- 10.2 Market failure -- 10.3 Government intervention and government failure.
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10.4 Where markets and governments fail: common goods for health -- Further reading -- 11 Options for financing medical care -- 11.1 Uncertainty in health and healthcare -- 11.2 Non-insurance forms of health financing -- Out-of-pocket payments -- Direct subsidies -- Consumer-directed healthcare plans -- Health savings accounts -- Micro-credit, micro-savings and micro-insurance -- Taxation-based funding -- 11.3 Health insurance -- 11.4 Overview of insurance types -- Social health insurance -- Community-based health insurance -- Private/employer-based health insurance -- Further reading -- 12 Evaluation methods in health economics -- 12.1 Why economic evaluation? -- 12.2 Welfarism, extra-welfarism and different forms of economic evaluation -- Cost-benefit analysis -- Cost-effectiveness analysis -- Cost-utility analysis -- Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) -- Multi-criteria decision-making -- 12.3 Measuring health and disease -- The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) -- Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) -- 12.4 Problems with QALYs -- 12.5 Comparing neoclassical, QALY-based and medical thinking -- 12.6 Distributional equity impacts and trade-offs -- 12.7 Cost measurement and analysis -- 12.8 Important modelling techniques -- Further reading -- 13 Health technology and health technology assessment -- 13.1 What is health technology assessment and where can it be applied? -- 13.2 HTA as a political and technical endeavour -- Indonesia: linking HTA to the national health insurance programme -- Thailand: a success story based on a private initiative -- Malaysia: gradual evolution of comprehensive HTA -- 13.3 Key elements of an HTA system -- 13.4 HTA and reimbursement in a changing healthcare system -- The UK: using the cost per QALY -- Germany: the efficiency frontier -- New Zealand: programme budgeting and marginal analysis -- Further reading.
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14 Paying for medical care: Balancing appropriateness, quality and cost -- 14.1 Strategic purchasing of healthcare -- 14.2 Paying for curative care, public healthcare and preventative services -- Fee-for-service and per diems -- Capitation -- Pathology-based systems -- Mixed systems -- Payment methods for public health and preventative services -- Social-impact bonds -- 14.3 Pay-for-performance -- 14.4 Co-payments and user fees -- 14.5 Value-based healthcare -- 14.6 Context matters -- Further reading -- Part III From theory to practice: Using medical economics to improve global health -- 15 Medical economics: An applied interdisciplinary science that looks at evidence, considers complexity and implements what works -- 15.1 Applying the logic of medicine in medical economics -- 15.2 The interdisciplinary nature of medical economics and the uses of economic thinking -- Transforming concepts into policy -- The advantages of rigorous analysis: the health economics of old age -- The useful challenges of economic thinking -- A word of caution -- 15.3 Health policy, data and health reform -- Health reform -- 15.4 Managing complexity -- The digitalization of medicine -- A "theory of everything"? -- The (second) transformation of medicine -- Further reading -- 16 Global health and social health protection -- 16.1 Global health -- The economics of global public health: polio eradication -- The perverse logic of welfare economics: a memorandum from the World Bank -- 16.2 Global intervention and collaboration -- The influence of donors -- Governance -- 16.3 Social protection in a changing demography -- 16.4 Measuring social protection -- 16.5 Translating behavioural economics into practice: nudging and conditionality -- Further reading -- 17 Toward rational financing of healthcare -- 17.1 Principles of financing.
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Four criteria of a healthcare financing arrangement -- Three core functions of healthcare financing -- 17.2 Goals of government-run financing schemes -- Goals -- 17.3 Implementing a financing scheme at the national level -- Decision I: set-up and governance -- Decision II: enrolment, benefit package and entitlement to services -- Decision III: sourcing and pooling of funds -- Decision IV: ownership of providers -- Decision V: flow of funds and deposit of financial reserves -- 17.4 Technical aspects -- 17.5 Actuarial calculations and monitoring -- Further reading -- 18 Priority-setting and essential health service packages -- 18.1 Scarcity of resources and the need for rationing -- 18.2 The cost per QALY approach as a prioritization tool -- The balance between efficiency and distributive justice -- "Individual" versus "statistical" life -- A concept of distributive justice -- 18.3 Essential healthcare services (or benefits) packages -- Examples from Mexico and Chile -- 18.4 Defining a benefit package -- Further reading -- Epilogue: Moving beyond the commoditization of health and making better use of the "dismal science" -- References -- Index.
Additional Edition:
Print version: Obermann, Konrad Medical Economics Newcastle Upon Tyne : Agenda Publishing,c2021 ISBN 9781788211901
Language:
English
Keywords:
Electronic books.
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