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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is African Manufacturing Skill-Constrained? / (1999)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958094643602883
    Format: 1 online resource (26 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: October 1999 - Continued efforts to develop high-level industrial skills in Sub-Saharan African countries may be wasteful without a more competitive environment in the industrial sector. But lack of such skills may limit the benefits to the industrial sector from future liberalization. As a result, the supply response to improved incentives may be weak. Total factor productivity has been low in most of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is often said that the binding constraint on African industrial development is the inadequate supply of technologically capable workers. And many cross-country studies imply that the low level of human capital in Africa is an important source of low growth in per capita income. The results of Pack and Paxson's study do not necessarily conflict with this view. They indicate that in noncompetitive industrial sectors with little inflow of new technology, the contribution of technological abilities, however it is measured, is limited. If liberalization of the economy generated greater competition, or if export growth were accelerated - permitting the import of inputs embodying new technology - local skills could contribute significantly more in raising output. The experience of other countries also suggests that as the economy opens to flows of international knowledge - whether through technology transfers or through informal transfers from purchasers of exports - the technological capacity of local industry becomes important. The policy implications of this analysis are clear: Without the prospect of a more competitive environment, continued efforts to develop high-level industrial skills may be wasteful. But the absence of such skills may limit the benefits to the industrial sector from future liberalization, as a result of which the supply response to improved incentives may be weak. This paper - a product of Public Economics, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze the effect of public policies on industrial productivity. The authors may be contacted at packh@wharton.upenn.edu or cpaxson@wws.princeton.edu.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2212
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext
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    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inter-industry labor mobility in Taiwan, China / (1999)
    Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433) :World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Economics,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958094657802883
    Format: 21 pages ; , 28 cm.
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper ; 2154
    Note: "August 1999"--Cover.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Money Matter ? : The Effects of Cash Transfers On Child Health and Development in Rural Ecuador (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958074877902883
    Format: 1 online resource (53 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The authors examine how a government-run cash transfer program targeted to poor mothers in rural Ecuador influenced the health and development of their children. This program is of particular interest because, unlike other transfer programs that have been implemented recently in Latin America, receipt of the cash transfers was not conditioned on specific parental actions, such as taking children to health clinics or sending them to school. This feature of the program makes it possible to assess whether conditionality is necessary for programs to have beneficial effects on children. The authors use random assignment at the parish level to identify the program's effects. They find that the cash transfer program had positive effects on the physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development of children, and the treatment effects were substantially larger for the poorer children than for less poor children. Among the poorest children in the sample, those whose mothers were eligible for transfers had outcomes that were on average more than 20 percent of a standard deviation higher than those for comparable children in the control group. Treatment effects are somewhat larger for girls and for children with more highly-educated mothers. The authors examine three mechanisms-better nutrition, greater use of health care, and better parenting-through which the transfers might influence child development. The program appeared to improve children's nutrition and increased the chance they were treated for helminth infections. But children in the treatment group were not more likely to visit health clinics for growth monitoring, and the mental health and parenting of their mothers did not improve.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4226
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wealth Gradients in Early Childhood Cognitive Development in Five Latin American Countries / (2014)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246568602883
    Format: 1 online resource (26 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Research from the United States shows that gaps in early cognitive and noncognitive abilities appear early in the life cycle. Little is known about this important question for developing countries. This paper provides new evidence of sharp differences in cognitive development by socioeconomic status in early childhood for five Latin American countries. To help with comparability, the paper uses the same measure of receptive language ability for all five countries. It finds important differences in development in early childhood across countries, and steep socioeconomic gradients within every country. For the three countries where panel data to follow children over time exists, there are few substantive changes in scores once children enter school. These results are robust to different ways of defining socioeconomic status, to different ways of standardizing outcomes, and to selective non-response on the measure of cognitive development.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6779
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do School Facilities Matter? : The Case of the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) (1999)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958094639802883
    Format: 1 online resource (40 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: A revised version was published as The Allocation and Impact of Social Funds: Spending on School Infrastructure in Peru (with Christina Paxson). World Bank Economic Review 16 (2): 297-319, 2002. Education projects of the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) have reached poor districts and, to the extent they live in those districts, poor households. FONCODES has had a positive effect on school attendance rates for young children, but not on the likelihood that children will be at an appropriate school level for their age. Since its creation in 1991, the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) has spent about USD 570 million funding microprojects throughout Peru. Many of these projects have involved building and renovating school facilities. Paxson and Schady analyze the targeting and impact of FONCODES investments in the education sector, using data from FONCODES, Peru's 1993 population census, Peru's 1994 and 1995 Living Standards Measurement Surveys, and a 1996 household survey conducted by the Peruvian Statistical Institute. They present their results based on various descriptive and econometric techniques, including nonparametric regressions, differences-in-differences, and instrumental variables estimators. They show that FONCODES projects in the education sector have reached poor districts and, to the extent they live in those districts, poor households. FONCODES has had a positive effect on school attendance rates for young children, but not on the likelihood that children will be at an appropriate school level for their age. Among other recommendations, they suggest that FONCODES consider random assignment of some education projects for a subsample of the population, to test the robustness of the study's assumptions and results. Lack of disaggregated data on such measures as the time children spend in school, pupil-teacher ratios, and scholastic achievement precluded analysis of the impact of FONCODES education projects on school quality. Collecting such data, and understanding how improvements in school infrastructure interact with other school-level changes to produce more learning, should be a research priority. This paper - a product of the Poverty Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the functioning and impact of social funds.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2229
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cognitive development among young children in Ecuador : the roles of wealth, health and parenting (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV040618210
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Edition: Also available in print.
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3605
    Content: "Paxson and Schady examine the relationship between early cognitive development, socioeconomic status, child health, and parenting quality in a developing country. They use a sample of over 3,000 predominantly poor pre-school age children from Ecuador and analyze determinants of their scores on the Spanish version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (TVIP), a widely used test of language ability. The authors show that median age-normed test scores on the TVIP are much lower for older than younger children, and there is greater dispersion in scores among older children. They find that household socioeconomic characteristics, in particular wealth and parental education, are "protective"-children from wealthier households with more educated parents have higher scores. The associations of test scores with wealth and maternal education are larger for older children, suggesting that these factors have cumulative effects on cognitive ability. Last, the authors show that child health and measures of parenting quality are associated with performance on the TVIP. Children with lower hemoglobin levels perform worse on tests. Measures of parenting quality, in particular the degree to which parents are "responsive" and "harsh" toward children, and whether children are read to, account for a portion, although not the majority, of the association between socioeconomic status and cognitive development. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/13/2005 , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:[2005] , Weitere Ausgabe: Paxson, Christina H: Cognitive development among young children in Ecuador
    Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Paxson, Christina H., 1960- Cognitive development among young children in Ecuador 2005
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Child health and the 1988-92 economic crisis in Peru (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV040617867
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Edition: Also available in print.
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3260
    Note: "March 30, 2004. - Includes bibliographical references. - Title from title screen as viewed on March 30, 2004 , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:[2004] , Weitere Ausgabe: Paxson, Christina H: Child health and the 1988-92 economic crisis in Peru
    Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Paxson, Christina H., 1960- Child health and the 1988-92 economic crisis in Peru 2004
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do School Facilities Matter? : The Case of the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV040616869
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Content: A revised version was published as The Allocation and Impact of Social Funds: Spending on School Infrastructure in Peru (with Christina Paxson). World Bank Economic Review 16 (2): 297-319, 2002. - Education projects of the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) have reached poor districts and, to the extent they live in those districts, poor households. FONCODES has had a positive effect on school attendance rates for young children, but not on the likelihood that children will be at an appropriate school level for their age. Since its creation in 1991, the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) has spent about US
    Note: Weitere Ausgabe: Schady, Norbert : Do School Facilities Matter?
    Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Schady, Norbert Rüdiger, 1967- Do School Facilities Matter? 1999
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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    HWR Berlin
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    HTW Berlin
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Money Matter ? : The Effects of Cash Transfers On Child Health And Development In Rural Ecuador (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV040618831
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Content: The authors examine how a government-run cash transfer program targeted to poor mothers in rural Ecuador influenced the health and development of their children. This program is of particular interest because, unlike other transfer programs that have been implemented recently in Latin America, receipt of the cash transfers was not conditioned on specific parental actions, such as taking children to health clinics or sending them to school. This feature of the program makes it possible to assess whether conditionality is necessary for programs to have beneficial effects on children. The authors use random assignment at the parish level to identify the program's effects. They find that the cash transfer program had positive effects on the physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development of children, and the treatment effects were substantially larger for the poorer children than for less poor children. Among the poorest children in the sample, those whose mothers were eligible for transfers had outcomes that were on average more than 20 percent of a standard deviation higher than those for comparable children in the control group. Treatment effects are somewhat larger for girls and for children with more highly-educated mothers. The authors examine three mechanisms-better nutrition, greater use of health care, and better parenting-through which the transfers might influence child development. The program appeared to improve children's nutrition and increased the chance they were treated for helminth infections. But children in the treatment group were not more likely to visit health clinics for growth monitoring, and the mental health and parenting of their mothers did not improve
    Note: Weitere Ausgabe: Schady, Norbert : Does Money Matter ?
    Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Schady, Norbert Rüdiger, 1967- Does Money Matter ? 2007
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Child health and the 1988-92 economic crisis in Peru (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049075362
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3260
    Note: "March 30, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 30, 2004
    Additional Edition: Paxson, Christina H Child health and the 1988-92 economic crisis in Peru
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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