UID:
almafu_9960073784902883
Format:
1 online resource (668 p.)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
0-08-100693-4
,
0-08-100696-9
Series Statement:
Woodhead Publishing series in civil and structural engineering ; number 59
Note:
Description based upon print version of record.
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Front Cover -- Related titles -- Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the contributors -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- References -- Terminology and definitions -- Introduction -- Cement, cementitious materials, binders, fillers -- Binary, ternary, and quaternary cements (or binders) -- Cementitous material content -- Specific surface area -- Alite and belite -- Hemihydrate -- Water-cement, water-cementitious materials, water-binder ratios -- Saturated surface-dry state for an aggregate (SSD state) -- Water content, absorption, moisture content of an aggregate -- Specific gravity -- Superplasticizer dosage -- Eutectic -- Reference -- Glossary -- Historical background of the development of concrete admixtures -- Early developments -- The development of the science of admixtures -- The use of admixtures -- The use of synthetic molecules and polymers -- An artificially complicated terminology -- Classification of admixtures -- The importance of cement particles dispersion -- References -- One - Theoretical background on Portland cement and concrete -- 1 - The importance of the water-cement and water-binder ratios -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The hidden meaning of the w/c -- 1.3 The water-cement and water-binder ratios in a cement paste made with a blended cement -- 1.3.1 Case of a blended cement containing a supplementary cementitious material -- 1.3.2 Case of a blended cement containing some filler -- 1.3.3 The relative importance of the w/c and w/b ratios -- 1.4 How to lower the w/c and w/b ratios -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Phenomenology of cement hydration -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Le Chatelier's experiment -- 2.3 Powers' work on hydration.
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2.3.1 Hydration of a cement paste having a w/c ratio equal to 0.42 -- 2.3.1.1 Hydration in a closed system -- 2.3.1.2 Hydration under water -- 2.3.2 Hydration of a cement paste having a w/c ratio equal to 0.36 cured under water -- 2.3.3 Hydration of a cement paste having a w/c ratio equal to 0.60 cured in a closed system -- 2.3.4 Hydration of a cement paste having a w/c ratio of 0.30 -- 2.3.4.1 Hydration in a closed system -- 2.3.4.2 Hydration under water -- 2.4 Curing low w/c ratio concretes -- 2.4.1 Different types of shrinkage -- 2.4.2 Curing concrete according to its w/c ratio -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Portland cement -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The mineral composition of Portland cement clinker -- 3.3 The fabrication of clinker -- 3.4 Chemical composition of Portland cement -- 3.5 The grinding of Portland cement -- 3.5.1 Influence of the morphology of the cement particles -- 3.5.2 Why is calcium sulphate added when grinding Portland cement? -- 3.6 The hydration of Portland cement -- 3.7 Hydrated lime (portlandite) -- 3.8 Present acceptance standards for cements -- 3.9 Side-effects of hydration reaction -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 -- Tricalcium aluminate -- Appendix 2 -- Ettringite -- References -- 4 - Supplementary cementitious materials and blended cements -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Crystallized and vitreous state -- 4.3 Blast-furnace slag -- 4.4 Fly ashes -- 4.5 Silica fume -- 4.6 Calcined clays -- 4.7 Natural pozzolans -- 4.8 Other supplementary cementitious materials -- 4.9 Fillers -- 4.10 Ground glass -- 4.11 Blended cements -- 4.12 Conclusion -- References -- 5 - Water and its role on concrete performance -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The crucial role of water in concrete -- 5.3 Influence of water on concrete rheology -- 5.4 Water and cement hydration -- 5.5 Water and shrinkage -- 5.5.1 General considerations.
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5.5.2 How to eliminate the risk of plastic shrinkage -- 5.5.3 How to mitigate autogenous shrinkage -- 5.5.4 How to provide an internal source of water -- 5.5.5 How to eliminate drying shrinkage -- 5.6 Water and alkali/aggregate reaction -- 5.7 Use of some special waters -- 5.7.1 Seawater -- 5.7.2 Wastewaters from ready-mix operations -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 6 - Entrained air in concrete: rheology and freezing resistance -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Entrapped air and entrained air -- 6.3 Beneficial effects of entrained air -- 6.3.1 The beneficial effect of entrained air on the workability of fresh concrete -- 6.3.2 The beneficial action of entrained air against the propagation of cracks -- 6.3.3 The beneficial action of entrained air on the absorptivity and permeability of concrete -- 6.3.4 Trapping expansive products -- 6.3.5 The beneficial effect of entrained air on the resistance to freezing and thawing cycles -- 6.4 Effect of pumping on the air content and spacing factor -- 6.5 Entraining air in blended cements -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 - Concrete rheology: a basis for understanding chemical admixtures -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Definition of rheology -- 7.2.1 Shear laminar flow -- 7.2.2 Shear stress -- 7.2.3 Shear rate -- 7.2.4 Flow curve -- 7.3 Different rheological behaviours -- 7.3.1 Newtonian fluids -- 7.3.2 Bingham fluid -- 7.3.3 Shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids with yield stress -- 7.4 Micromechanical behaviour of suspensions -- 7.4.1 Yield stress -- 7.4.2 Viscosity -- 7.4.3 Thixotropy -- 7.4.4 Concrete: A visco-elasto-plastic material -- 7.4.5 Bleeding and segregation -- 7.5 Factors affecting concrete rheology -- 7.5.1 General considerations -- 7.5.2 Effect of processing energy on concrete rheology -- 7.5.3 Effect of solid concentration on viscosity and yield stress.
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7.5.4 Effect of paste/aggregate and mortar/aggregate ratio on the rheology of concrete -- 7.5.5 Effect of paste composition -- 7.5.5.1 Effect of water content -- 7.5.5.2 Effect of cement -- 7.5.5.3 Effect of mineral admixtures -- 7.5.5.4 Clays -- 7.5.6 Effect of air content on rheology of concrete -- 7.6 Thixotropy of concrete -- 7.6.1 Consequences of thixotropy on concrete processing -- 7.6.2 Experimental methods to quantify thixotropy -- 7.6.2.1 Hysteresis curves -- 7.6.2.2 Structural breakdown curves -- 7.6.2.3 Structural build-up at rest -- 7.7 Conclusions -- Terminology and definitions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 - Mechanisms of cement hydration -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Hydration of C3A -- 8.3 Hydration of alite -- 8.3.1 Chemistry and stages of alite hydration -- 8.3.2 Stages 0 and I: initial dissolution -- 8.3.2.1 Protective membrane -- 8.3.2.2 Dissolution control -- 8.3.3 Stage II: the induction period -- 8.3.4 Stage III: the acceleration period -- 8.3.4.1 Structure of CSH -- 8.3.5 The deceleration period -- 8.4 Hydration of ordinary Portland cement -- 8.4.1 Stages of cement hydration -- 8.4.2 Silicate-aluminate-sulfate balance -- 8.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Two - Chemistry and working mechanisms -- 9 - Chemistry of chemical admixtures -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water reducers and superplasticizers -- 9.2.1 Introduction -- 9.2.2 Natural polymers -- 9.2.2.1 Lignosulphonates -- 9.2.2.2 Casein -- 9.2.3 Linear synthetic polymers -- 9.2.3.1 Polynaphthalene sulphonates (PNS) -- 9.2.3.2 Polymelamine sulphonates -- 9.2.3.3 Phosphonate-terminated PEG brushes -- 9.2.3.4 Vinyl copolymers -- 9.2.4 Comb-shaped copolymers -- 9.2.4.1 Chemical nature of the backbone -- 9.2.4.2 Chemical nature of side chains -- 9.2.4.3 Characterization of comb-shaped superplasticizers -- 9.2.4.4 Conformation of PCEs in solution.
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9.3 Retarders -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 Carbohydrates -- 9.3.2.1 Monosaccharides -- 9.3.2.2 Disaccharides -- 9.3.2.3 Oligosaccharides -- 9.3.2.4 Polysaccharides -- 9.4 Viscosity-modifying admixtures -- 9.4.1 Introduction -- 9.4.2 Natural polymers -- 9.4.2.1 Welan gum and diutan gum -- 9.4.3 Semi-synthetic polymers -- 9.4.3.1 Cellulose-ether derivatives -- 9.4.3.2 Guar gum derivatives -- 9.4.3.3 Modified starch -- 9.4.4 Synthetic polymers -- 9.4.4.1 Polyethylene oxide -- 9.4.4.2 Polyacrylamides -- 9.4.5 Inorganic powders -- 9.5 Air-entraining admixtures -- 9.5.1 Introduction -- 9.5.2 General features of surfactants -- 9.5.2.1 Basic structural features -- 9.5.2.2 The concept of hydrophile-lipophile balance -- 9.5.3 Sources for air-entraining admixtures -- 9.5.4 Anionic surfactants -- 9.5.4.1 Carboxylic acid salts -- 9.5.4.2 Sulphonic acid salts -- 9.5.4.3 Sulphuric acid ester salts -- 9.5.4.4 Taurates -- 9.5.5 Cationic surfactants -- 9.5.6 Amphoteric surfactants -- 9.5.7 Non-ionic surfactants -- 9.6 Shrinkage-reducing admixtures -- 9.6.1 Introduction -- 9.6.2 History and working mechanism of SRAs -- 9.6.3 General features and overview of surfactants used in SRAs -- 9.6.4 Classes of compounds used in SRAs -- 9.6.4.1 Monoalcohols -- 9.6.4.2 Glycols -- 9.6.4.3 Polyoxyalkylene glycol alkyl ethers -- 9.6.4.4 Polymeric surfactants -- 9.6.4.5 Other SRAs -- 9.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 - Adsorption of chemical admixtures -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Adsorption and fluidity -- 10.2.1 Initial fluidity -- 10.2.2 Fluidity retention -- 10.3 Adsorption isotherms -- 10.3.1 Basic phenomenology of adsorption -- 10.3.2 Simple adsorption isotherm models -- 10.3.3 Linear zone of adsorption isotherms of superplasticizers -- 10.3.4 Specific issues in studying adsorption on cementitious systems -- 10.4 Molecular structure and adsorption.
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10.4.1 General features.
Language:
English
Keywords:
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