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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International Harmonization of Product Standards and Firm Heterogeneity in International Trade (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265115
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Content: As free trade areas have proliferated and statutory tariffs have been dramatically reduced in recent decades, non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to international trade have risen in importance. Destination-specific product standards are one of the major types of NTBs as they impose additional costs on exporters and increase the time required to bring a product to market. This paper examines the response of U.S. manufacturing firms to a reduction of this NTB by looking at the harmonization of European product standards to international norms in the electronics sector. Using a highly detailed dataset that links U.S. international trade transactions to U.S. firms and a new industry-level database of EU product standards, the author finds that harmonization increases U.S. exports to the EU and that this increase is due to more U.S. firms entering the EU market-the extensive margin of trade. New entrants to the EU region are drawn mainly from the most productive set of firms already exporting to developing markets before harmonization -the extensive margin of trade composition. These firms are characterized by being smaller and less productive than the firms that were already exporting to the EU before harmonization. Furthermore, harmonization decreases export sales at existing exporters -the intensive margin of trade. These findings are consistent with a model featuring the role of product standards heterogeneity across market destinations and productivity heterogeneity across firms. These results suggest that working toward a harmonization of product rules across markets could be a supportive policy to encourage small and medium size firms' ability to enter new export markets
    Additional Edition: Reyes, José-Daniel International Harmonization of Product Standards and Firm Heterogeneity in International Trade
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5677
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Heterogeneous Growth Effects of the Business Environment : Firm-Level Evidence for a Global Sample of Cities (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269707
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Using firm-level data covering 709 cities in 128 countries, this paper examines the role of a comprehensive list of business environment variables at the subnational level in explaining firm employment and productivity growth. The analysis finds basic protection, access to finance and infrastructure, and the existence of a strong agglomeration environment to be critically important. By contrast, human capital and a list of refined business environment variables related to labor regulations, tax, and land access are found to be relatively unimportant. The analysis also finds that the effects of the business environment vary according to firm size, age, sector affiliation, and the host country's level of development. The research suggests that it pays to be comprehensive about the business environment and that attention to heterogeneity is important
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Reyes, Jose-Daniel The Heterogeneous Growth Effects of the Business Environment: Firm-Level Evidence for a Global Sample of Cities Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2017
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8114
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    FDI Spillovers and High-Growth Firms in Developing Countries (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048270156
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper evaluates the heterogeneous impact of spillovers from multinational corporations (MNCs) to domestic enterprises in the developing world. It empirically investigates two transmission channels of knowledge spillovers. First, direct contractual linkages between indigenous firms and MNCs. Second, indirect demonstration effects accrued by domestic firms by imitating foreign technologies either through observation or by hiring workers trained by MNCs. The paper focuses on the impact of spillovers on high-growth firms, which are enterprises with high job creation rates and, therefore, assumed to have high absorptive capacities. The paper also evaluates spillovers stemming from MNCs with different motivations to invest in developing countries. Employing a survey of around 71,000 firms across 50 sectors in 122 developing countries, the paper shows that high-growth firms internalize spillovers through both avenues and that contractual linkages are the most powerful transmission channel. FDI embedded in global value chains generates larger spillovers to high-growth domestic firms than investment that seeks to serve the host economy. There is no evidence that natural resource-seeking FDI generates spillovers. The results have important implications for policy design, as public funding in developing countries is often directed to support programs that seek to connect domestic suppliers with MNCs
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Reyes, Jose Daniel FDI Spillovers and High-Growth Firms in Developing Countries Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2017
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8243
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exporter Dynamics, Firm Size and Growth, and Partial Year Effects (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048266126
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Content: Two otherwise identical firms that enter the same market in different months, one in January and one in December, will report dramatically different annual sales for the first calendar year of operations. This partial year effect in annual data leads to downward biased observations of the level of activity upon entry and upward biased growth rates between the year of entry and the following year. This paper examines the implications of partial year effects using Peruvian export data. The partial year bias is very large: the average level of first-year exports of new exporters is understated by 65 percent and the average growth rate between the first and second year of exporting is overstated by 112 percentage points. This paper re-examines a number of stylized facts about firm size and growth that have motivated rapidly expanding theoretical and empirical literatures on firm export dynamics. Correcting the partial year effect eliminates unusually high growth rates in the first year of exporting, raises initial export levels, and shifts 10 percent of market entrants from below to above the median size. Revisiting an older set of facts on firm size and growth, the paper finds that correcting for partial year biases reduces the number of small firms in the firm size distribution and weakens the negative relationship between firm growth and firm size
    Additional Edition: Bernard, Andrew B Exporter Dynamics, Firm Size and Growth, and Partial Year Effects
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6711
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Monitoring Export Vulnerability to Changes in Growth Rates of Major Global Markets (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265702
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Content: Interest in assessing the impacts on developing countries of changes in major markets' economic performance has risen in tandem with global economic uncertainty over short- and medium-term growth prospects. This paper proposes a methodology to measure the vulnerability of a country's exports to fluctuations in the economic activity of foreign markets. Export vulnerability depends first on the overall level of export exposure, measured as the share of exports in gross domestic product, and second on the sensitivity of exports to fluctuations in foreign gross domestic product. The authors capture this sensitivity by estimating origin-destination specific elasticities of exports with respect to changes in foreign gross domestic product using a gravity model of trade. Furthermore, export vulnerability is computed separately for commodities and differentiated products. This methodology is applied to six developing countries, one from each World Bank region, selected to be otherwise similar yet differ in terms of the level of exposure to major global markets as well as the product composition of their export basket. Although the results suggest differences in elasticity estimates across regions as well as product categories, the principal source of international heterogeneity in export vulnerability results from differences in export exposure to global markets. This result calls for developing countries to diversify their export markets rather than shielding themselves from international markets, which would actually raise economic risk and vulnerability
    Additional Edition: Hollweg, Claire H Monitoring Export Vulnerability to Changes in Growth Rates of Major Global Markets
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6266
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Technical Measures to Trade in Central America : Incidence, Price Effects, and Consumer Welfare (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048266291
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Content: Despite the widespread tariff reductions sparked by the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement, borders in the region remain thick, with many hurdles standing in the way of regional trade. Although anecdotal evidence suggests that nontariff measures raise trade costs and inhibit trade in the region, little is known about the magnitude of these economic effects. This paper uses a newly collected data set to quantify the incidence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade in the region and benchmarks it with other parts of the world. The results indicate that the Central American region has the lowest prevalence of technical nontariff measures in the world. However, there is significant heterogeneity of trade-related regulations in Central America; for instance, 48 percent of Salvadoran imports are subject to at least one nontariff measure, compared with just 16 percent of Honduran imports. The paper estimates the impact of these technical measures on border prices and finds that the price impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures is equivalent to an ad-valorem tariff of 11.6 percent. This price-rising effect is further investigated by looking in detail at the impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on the prices of beef, chicken meat, bread, and dairy products in Guatemala. The impact is estimated to be equivalent to an ad-valorem tariff of 68.4 percent, 51.4 percent, 22.0 percent, and 5.0 percent, respectively. The paper shows that efforts to streamline key sanitary and phytosanitary measures affecting these products by, for example, reducing the cost and time required to obtain sanitary registries, would likely reduce the Guatemalan urban extreme poverty rate from 5.07 percent to 4.91 percent
    Additional Edition: Kelleher, Sinéad Technical Measures to Trade in Central America
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6857
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    All These Worlds Are Yours, Except India : The Effectiveness of Export Subsidies in Nepal (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269344
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper evaluates the effect on firm-level export outcomes of the Cash Incentive Scheme for Exports program provided by the Government of Nepal. The analysis utilizes customs-level data for 2011-14, combined with information on the subsidy payments made to individual firms provided by the Central Bank of Nepal. The Cash Incentive Scheme for Exports cash subsidy is available to firms exporting a select group of products, and requires firms to export to countries other than India. Overall, the subsidy has not produced a significant impact on firm-level export values, prices, quantities, or their growth rates. However, the study finds a small positive effect on the number of eligible products exported to countries other than India and the number of destination markets reached among firms that receive the subsidy. These results are consistent with the fact that the subsidy was granted primarily to large exporters that were already shipping eligible products to countries other than India. The findings suggest that although the cash subsidy has not produced a significant increase in exports, it has achieved a positive impact on export diversification for firms that were already satisfying the scheme's eligibility criteria
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Defever, Fabrice All These Worlds Are Yours, Except India: The Effectiveness of Export Subsidies in Nepal Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2017
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8009
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does the Elimination of Export Requirements in Special Economic Zones Affect Export Performance? Evidence from the Dominican Republic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048270118
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Special economic zones, one of the most important instruments of industrial policy in developing countries, often feature export share requirements. That is, firms located in these zones are obliged to export more than a certain stated share of their output to enjoy the wide array of incentives available there, a practice prohibited by the World Trade Organization. This paper exploits the staggered removal of export requirements across products and over time in the special economic zones of the Dominican Republic to evaluate whether the importance of exports originating from the zones was affected by the elimination of export requirements. The findings show that entry increased among firms in special economic zones, while the average value of export transactions fell for existing exporters following the reforms. At the same time, continuous exporters were unaffected by the policy change, possibly because these firms were not constrained by the export requirement. Overall, special economic zones became more important with respect to the number of exporters based there but not in terms of the value of exports. The findings suggest that the elimination of performance requirements made it more attractive for firms to be based in special economic zones
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Defever, Fabrice Fernand Does the Elimination of Export Requirements in Special Economic Zones Affect Export Performance? Evidence from the Dominican Republic Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2016
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7874
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Courts and business registration : evidence from Serbia (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice & Development Research Group
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1043832238
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8611
    Content: This paper studies the effects of a reform in Serbia that transferred business registration from regional courts to a centralized agency. Using administrative data, the analysis employs a difference-in-difference strategy that compares new firms before and after the reform across districts based on the level of distrust in regional courts. The results suggest that the reform increased the number of new firms more in regions with higher initial levels of distrust, by up to 34 percent. The reform also increased the survival rates of new firms. These effects are large compared to those of other types of registration reforms, suggesting that courts can pose significant barriers to new firm creation
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Bruhn, Miriam Courts and Business Registration: Evidence from Serbia Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2018
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8611
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exporters dynamics and the role of imports in Argentina (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1713904489
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9218
    Content: This paper examines the performance of globally engaged firms in Argentina in the past decade. Using highly disaggregated firm-level customs transaction data for imports and exports, the paper documents the progressive retreat of Argentine firms from global markets. Between 2007 and 2017, the number of exporters decreased by 30 percent. Benchmarking the characteristics of these exporters with similar countries reveals that Argentine exporters are disproportionally fewer and individually larger, with export value extremely concentrated in a few firms. Firm churning rates are disproportionately low and survival rates of entrants are high. These findings reflect exceptionally high entry costs of export, which are the result of anti-export bias and import substitution policies that sought unsuccessfully to develop the local industry. The paper shows that exporters that import directly intermediate and capital goods have better export outcomes than other exporters
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Arnoletto, Matias Exporters Dynamics and the Role of Imports in Argentina Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2020
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9218
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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