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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Breaking the Cycle of Roma Exclusion in the Western Balkans (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048272036
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: The Roma are the largest ethnic minority in Europe, as well as one of the most deprived and socially excluded groups. Because of the lack of high-quality data, research on Roma inclusion to inform evidence-based policies is scarce, and accurate data on programs implemented in the Western Balkans are needed. This report aims to fill this knowledge gap and inform policy making by relying on data from the 2011 and 2017 rounds of the Regional Roma Survey (RRS), the most comprehensive survey to date on living conditions and human development outcomes among marginalized Roma households in the Western Balkans, as well as non-Roma neighboring households. The results show that marginalized Roma in the Western Balkans do not have the endowments and assets they need nor the ability to use the assets they have efficiently and intensively to generate economic gains and climb the socioeconomic ladder. Gaps with respect to non-Roma neighbors are especially wide in education and labor markets, and, in general, there is generally little improvement between the two survey years in access to services and economic opportunities. The report provides policy directions, highlighting gender and discrimination as cross-cutting policy areas. It also suggests a pragmatic approach towards generating evidence-based policies through better monitoring and evaluation and collection of ethnically-disaggregated administrative data. Finally, a comprehensive and integrated lifecycle approach is also encouraged
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/31393
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Closing the Gender Gaps among Marginalized Roma in the Western Balkans : A Summary of Findings and Policy Recommendations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048273610
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Roma women are one of the most deprived groups in Europe, as they suffer a double layer of exclusion: as women, and as members of Europe's largest ethnic minority. Although there are no reliable data on the Roma population in the Western Balkans, available estimates suggest that the share of national populations represented by Roma ranges between 1.7 percent in Bosnia and Herzegovina and 9.6 percent in North Macedonia. Over half of these are women. This report is intended to be a concise and timely summary that highlights the key aspects of gender equality among marginalized Roma communities in the Western Balkans. The goal of the report is to strengthen the knowledge base and evidence to understand the key determinants of gender gaps among the Roma population. For that the report offers a summary diagnostic of the most important barriers that female Roma face, in particular, accessing education and employment; further, it explores the ways in which Roma women's employment and educational outcomes are constrained above and beyond the constraints faced by Roma males
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/34557
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Encouraging Women's Economic Opportunities in Croatia : Empirical Evidence of Determinants and Policy Advice (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048273623
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This report analyzes potential factors and determinants affecting female labor force participation in Croatia and identifies potential policy options to facilitate greater participation of women in the labor market. Our results show that the main reason for women's inactivity in Croatia is child-rearing and other family responsibilities. While Croatia provides a generous maternity leave allowance in comparison with other EU countries, the absence of compulsory paternity leave does not encourage the distribution of child-rearing responsibilities between men and women. Childcare responsibilities also hinder mothers of school-age children from participating in economic activity, although this constraint is lower for mothers of children attending schools with longer school days. Our results also show that both informal and formal factors play a role. Patriarchal views-which were demonstrated to be negatively associated with women's labor force participation-are more prevalent in Croatia than in many European countries; these views tend to be more prevalent among men, older people, and less-educated individuals. Labor market regulations also play an important role: despite recent reforms aimed at relaxing excessively strict employment protection legislation, introducing more flexibility in the labor market, and boosting active labor market policies, Croatia still lags behind its EU counterparts along these dimensions as is reflected in their low ranking on the ease of hiring and firing, a low proportion of flexible forms of employment, and low expenditure and coverage of active labor market policies. Finally, despite being a common reason in the literature for gender wage gaps, we did not find evidence that the systematic selection of women into low-wage occupations contributes significantly to the observed gender wage gaps
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/34605
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    El Salvador : Systematic Country Diagnostic; Addressing Vulnerabilities to Sustain Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080443
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Content: The 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) concluded that El Salvador was "trapped" in vicious cycles of low poverty reduction and growth and argued for a "big push" in six priority areas. Three mutually reinforcing cycles hampered growth and shared prosperity: (i) low growth and violence, (ii) low growth and migration, and (iii) low growth, savings, and investments. The SCD concluded that a big reform push in six priority areas was needed to break these cycles. Despite progress in some of these areas, previous governments have not built consensus for the "big push" of simultaneous reforms to break the cycles. This SCD Update (the Update) builds on the SCD as follows: (i) updating the country context and assessing progress in poverty and growth, (ii) broadening the analysis to include a vulnerability lens, and (iii) rerunning the prioritization framework to confirm or update priorities
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/37269
    DOI: 10.1596/37269
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in El Salvador (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079327
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (34 Seiten)
    Content: El Salvador is marked by high vulnerability to risks and hazards, such as crime, natural disasters, and migration. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the vulnerability patterns of its population. This paper applies an innovative approach to estimate the population's vulnerability to poverty and analyze its underlying drivers. The findings show that ex-ante vulnerability to poverty decreased over 2016 to 2019, a parallel trend to the poverty reduction observed in the country during this period. This finding comes hand in hand with an increase in the importance of risk factors relative to a low accumulation of assets driving vulnerability. Additionally, household-level shocks play a more significant role than community-level shocks. To address vulnerabilities in the country, the government should invest in adaptive safety nets and risk mitigation strategies
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Rude, Britta Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in El Salvador Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10289
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10289
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Poverty Mapping in El Salvador (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079382
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Content: Poverty mapping, the spatial representation and analysis of human wellbeing and poverty indicators is becoming an increasingly important instrument for investigating and discussing socioeconomic issues, informing targeting efforts, and guiding the geographic allocation of resources. One approach to addressing poverty is the geographic approach. In the geographic approach, poor people are identified and targeted through poverty maps. Indeed, the geographical approach is one of the methods used worldwide for targeting anti-poverty programs to reduce the gaps in social protection coverage of poor and vulnerable groups, and it has been widely implemented in several countries around the world. In 2020, the Salvador's General Directorate of Statistics and Censuses (DIGESTYC) and the World Bank started working on the project 'Poverty mapping in El Salvadora'. The project is part of the government and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Programme, which is performed by experts of the National Statistical Institute (NSI) and the World Bank (WB). The main objective is to calculate the shares of households living in moderate and extreme poverty at disaggregated territorial levels (municipalities). Poverty mapping enhances our understanding of the geographic distribution of people living in poverty. This report presents poverty maps at the municipality level based on the Fay-Herriot model for small-area estimations
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39424
    DOI: 10.1596/39424
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Honduras Poverty Assessment : Toward a Path of Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079368
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Content: Honduras, already among the poorest countries in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, experienced weak poverty reduction in 2014-19 compared to other countries in the region. The COVID-19 pandemic and Hurricanes Eta and Iota led to a rise in poverty from 2019 to 2020; it is likely that poverty will remain above prepandemic levels in 2021. The economic rebound in 2021, as well as the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, led to an increase in food prices; at the same time, Honduras's population is vulnerable to rising food prices and food insecurity is high. In 2019, the extreme poor spent almost half of their income on food. Additionally, food insecurity was persistently high. A striking feature of Honduras is the deep and widening urban-rural divide in terms of quality of life. There is a wide urban-rural poverty gap for both the moderate and the extreme poor, which reflects significant disparities in access to basic services such as electricity, water, and sanitation, and internet usage, as well as lower human capital accumulation and worsen labor market indicators in rural areas. While overall income inequality has been stagnant since 2014, inequality in rural areas has increased while in urban areas it has declined. The country is one of the most unequal countries in LAC. Hondurans continue to face deep and persistent disparities in access to and quality of education, with rural areas heavily penalized, even before the COVID-19 pandemic, despite high spending on education. Subnational disparities are particularly large; poverty continues to be most heavily concentrated in the country's southwestern areas, in departments with higher shares of ethnic minorities, and in municipalities located in the south and southwest. This report focuses on the factors that have contributed to these observed poverty and inequality trends and patterns in Honduras
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39449
    DOI: 10.1596/39449
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The distributional impact of the fiscal system in Albania (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_102217813X
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8370
    Content: In a context of fiscal consolidation and the need to deliver on a structural reform agenda, policy makers in Albania must not lose sight of the critical redistributive role of the fiscal system, particularly its impact on poverty and inequality. Using household survey data, this paper estimates the redistributive effect of fiscal policy on income distribution and poverty in Albania, assessing the individual and combined effects of taxes and public social spending. The findings show that the fiscal system in Albania plays a positive role in reducing inequality. Yet, it has a moderate poverty-increasing effect. Specifically, taxes and social protection contributions have a poverty-increasing effect; indirect taxes, particularly the value-added tax, account for the largest increases in poverty. This effect is somewhat compensated by direct government transfers, which are pro-poor and equalizing, but are not large enough to offset fully the negative impact on the taxation side. Ongoing reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and targeting of social assistance can contribute to enhancing the pro-poor impact of the fiscal system
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Davalos, Maria E The Distributional Impact of the Fiscal System in Albania Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2018
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8370
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tax-Transfers Schemes, Informality, and Search Frictions in a Small Open Economy (2018)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1759632325
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper No. 8574
    Content: This paper evaluates the impact of market-oriented structural reforms, in particular labor market policies, social assistance programs, and trade liberalization on long run unemployment, wage inequality, and the distribution of employment across sectors in a small open economy with search frictions and idiosyncratic productivity shocks. The paper builds a search and matching model of a labor market with a large informal sector and estimates the model using Colombian household-level data. Changes in labor taxes may have sizable aggregate, compositional, and distributional effects if workers associate high payroll taxes with more valuable and efficient social security services. The higher is the valuation of the services, the higher is the reduction in the log-wage gap. An expansion of public health insurance to informal sector workers has minor aggregate and distributional effects. Changes in relative prices that negatively affect the relative profitability of the formal sector have quite sizable aggregate effects, producing more long-run unemployment and informality, and increasing unemployment duration
    Note: Colombia , Latin America & Caribbean , English
    Language: Undetermined
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A structural model of the labor market to understand gender gaps among marginalized Roma communities (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1735739073
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9398
    Content: This paper constructs and estimates a household-level search model to analyze Roma spouses' utility maximization for leisure, home production, and work. The paper aims to explain labor market gender gaps in a marginalized Roma population with low labor market participation rates (males 53 percent and females 17 percent). The analysis uses data from the 2017 Regional Roma Survey for six Western Balkan countries. The simulation results show that the main source for gender differentials in the labor market is the unequal opportunities in favor of males - not gender preferences or differences in home production productivity. Therefore, most of the gender differences in the labor market can be closed by providing wives the same labor market conditions as husbands. Counterfactual policy experiments show that policies that increase the frequency of receiving a job offer, decrease the frequency of laying off workers, and reduce search increase Roma husbands' labor participation. Policies that equalize wages induces more wives to join the labor market and husbands to withdraw from it. This outcome signals that the wage gap is the dimension that deters the greatest number of Roma wives from joining the labor market
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Salazar-Saenz, Mauricio A Structural Model of the Labor Market to Understand Gender Gaps among Marginalized Roma Communities Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2020
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9398
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