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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Innovation shortfalls / (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958062375302883
    Format: 1 online resource (45 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: There is a common perception that low productivity or low growth is due to what can be called an "innovation shortfall," usually identified as a low rate of investment in research and development (R&D) when compared with some high innovation countries. The usual reaction to this perceived problem is to call for increases in R&D investment rates, usually specifying a target that can be as high as 3 percent of GDP. The problem with this analysis is that it fails to see that a low R&D investment rate may be appropriate given the economy's pattern of specialization, or may be just one manifestation of more general problems that impede accumulation of all kinds of capital. How can we know when a country suffers from an innovation shortfall above and beyond the ones that should be expected given the country's specialization and accumulation patterns? This is the question the authors tackle in this paper. First, they show a simple way to estimate the R&D gap that can be explained by a country's specialization pattern, illustrating it for the case of Chile. For this country they find that although its specialization in natural-resource-intensive sectors explains part of its R&D gap, a significant shortfall remains. Second, the authors show how a calibrated model can be used to determine the R&D gap that should be expected given a country's investment in physical and human capital. If the actual R&D gap is above this expected gap, then one can say that the country suffers from a true innovation shortfall.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4283
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Entrepreneurship and the Extensive Margin in Export Growth : A Microeconomic Accounting of Costa Rica's Export Growth During 1997-2007 (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246203902883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The literature on the correlation between exports and economic development runs deep into the history of economic thought and permeates policy debates. This paper studies the microeconomic structure of export growth in Costa Rica, with special emphasis on the extensive margin of trade, encompassing new exporting firms, new products, and new export markets, as well as the unit values of new versus incumbent products. The data suggest that few new firms survive the test of exporting - more than 40 percent of firms exit export activities after one year - and this firm turnover is associated with a steady deterioration of export unit values (prices). Furthermore, most new export products are associated with product switching by incumbent exporting firms. The typical new product introduced by incumbent firms tended to be priced at about 90 percent of the unit values of incumbent products. In contrast, the usual suspected obstacles to export growth, such as the inability of small firms to enter exporting activities or to grow their exports, appear to be important sources of export growth. In fact, the smallest exporting firms experienced the fastest growth in their export values. Some of these results are compared with those from other countries that have been examined in related literature.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5376
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    The emergence of China : opportunities and challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean (2006)
    Washington D.C. : Inter-American Development Bank | [London] : Harvard University Press
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_509438776
    Format: XXXI, 249 Seiten , illustrations , 24 cm
    ISBN: 1597820229
    Series Statement: David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies/Inter-American Development Bank
    Content: "The Emergence of China: Opportunities and Challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean provides a comprehensive overview of China's economic policy and performance over recent decades and contrasts them with the Latin American experience. What are the underlying factors behind China's competitive edge? What are the strategic implications of China's rise for growth and development in Latin America? These questions open new avenues for thinking about revitalizing development strategies in Latin America in the face of China's successful development and reduction of poverty. This insightful report is a must-read for analysts, policymakers, and development practitioners, not only in Latin America and the Caribbean, but wherever China's presence is being felt."--Jacket
    Note: Enth. 8 Beitr , Background on China's economyCompeting with China in global trade -- Foreign direct investment -- The case of textiles and apparel -- Conclusion.
    Language: English
    Subjects: Economics
    RVK:
    QG 630
    RVK:
    QG 860
    Keywords: China ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Lateinamerika ; Graue Literatur
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltstext
    URL: Cover
    Author information: Estevadeordal, Antoni 1962-
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The intensive margin in trade (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1043835458
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8625
    Content: Is the variation in bilateral trade flows across countries primarily due to differences in the number of exporting firms (the extensive margin) or in the average size of an exporter (the intensive margin)? And how does this affect the estimation and quantitative implications of the Melitz (2003) trade model? The benchmark Melitz model with Pareto-distributed firm productivity and fixed costs of exporting, predicts that, conditional on the fixed costs of exporting, all variation in exports across trading partners should occur on the extensive margin. This paper subjects this theoretical prediction to a reality check drawing upon the World Bank's Exporter Dynamics Database (EDD) which has firm-level exports from 50 developing countries to all destinations. Around 50 percent of the variation in exports across trading partners is shown to be along the intensive margin, contradicting the benchmark Melitz-Pareto model. The paper finds that moving from a Pareto to a lognormal distribution of firm productivity allows the Melitz model to successfully match the role of the intensive margin evident in the EDD. The paper then studies the implications of our findings for quantitative trade theory. Using likelihood methods and the EDD, a generalized Melitz model with a joint lognormal distribution for firm productivity, fixed costs and demand shifters is estimated, and exact hat algebra is used to quantify the counterfactual effects of a decline in trade costs on trade flows and welfare in the estimated model. Finally, these effects are compared to those that would be predicted by the Melitz-Pareto model, with the Pareto shape parameter chosen to match the average trade elasticity implied by the estimated Melitz-lognormal model. The paper shows that the effects on welfare turn out to be quite close to those in the standard Melitz-Pareto model even though the effects on trade flows remain different
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Fernandes, Ana M The Intensive Margin In Trade Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2018
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8625
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Innovation shortfalls (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049074340
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (45 Seiten))
    Edition: Online-Ausg
    Content: There is a common perception that low productivity or low growth is due to what can be called an "innovation shortfall," usually identified as a low rate of investment in research and development (R&D) when compared with some high innovation countries. The usual reaction to this perceived problem is to call for increases in R&D investment rates, usually specifying a target that can be as high as 3 percent of GDP. The problem with this analysis is that it fails to see that a low R&D investment rate may be appropriate given the economy's pattern of specialization, or may be just one manifestation of more general problems that impede accumulation of all kinds of capital. How can we know when a country suffers from an innovation shortfall above and beyond the ones that should be expected given the country's specialization and accumulation patterns? This is the question the authors tackle in this paper. First, they show a simple way to estimate the R&D gap that can be explained by a country's specialization pattern, illustrating it for the case of Chile. For this country they find that although its specialization in natural-resource-intensive sectors explains part of its R&D gap, a significant shortfall remains. Second, the authors show how a calibrated model can be used to determine the R&D gap that should be expected given a country's investment in physical and human capital. If the actual R&D gap is above this expected gap, then one can say that the country suffers from a true innovation shortfall
    Additional Edition: Rodriguez-Clare, Andres Innovation shortfalls
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The small-open economy in a generalized gravity model$nSvetlana Demidova, Konstantin Kucheryavyy, Takumi Naito and Andres Rodríguez-Clare (08)
    London : Centre for Economic Policy Research
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1895649250
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research DP19223
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chapter 63. Trade, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Policy for Developing Countries (2010)
    Show associated volumes
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831654768
    ISBN: 0444529446
    Content: In this chapter we explore the popular but controversial idea that developing countries benefit from abandoning policy neutrality vis-a-vis trade, FDI and resource allocation across industries. Are developing countries justified in imposing tariffs, subsidies, and tax breaks that imply distortions beyond the ones associated with optimal taxes or revenue constraints? We refer to this set of government interventions as industrial policy. We explore the theoretical foundation for industrial policy and then review the related empirical literature. We follow this with a broader look at the empirical work on the relationship between trade and FDI and growth. In this review we find no support for hard interventions that distort prices to deal with Marshallian externalities, learning by exporting, and knowledge spillovers from FDI. Nevertheless, we still envision an important role for what we refer to as soft industrial policy. The goal is to develop a process whereby government, industry and cluster-level private organizations can collaborate on interventions to increase productivity. We suggest programs and grants to help particular clusters by improving the formation of skilled workers, technology adoption, regulation and infrastructure.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 2010, (2010), Seite 4039-4214, 0444529446
    In: 9780444529442
    In: year:2010
    In: pages:4039-4214
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52944-2.00001-X
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chapter 4. Trade Theory with Numbers: Quantifying the Consequences of Globalization (2014)
    Show associated volumes
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831651122
    ISBN: 0444543155
    Content: We review a recent body of theoretical work that aims to put numbers on the consequences of globalization. A unifying theme of our survey is methodological. We rely on gravity models and demonstrate how they can be used for counterfactual analysis. We highlight how various economic considerations—market structure, firm-level heterogeneity, multiple sectors, intermediate goods, and multiple factors of production—affect the magnitude of the gains from trade liberalization. We conclude by discussing a number of outstanding issues in the literature as well as alternative approaches for quantifying the consequences of globalization.
    In: Handbook of international economics, Oxford, England : Elsevier, 2014, (2014), Seite 197-261, 0444543155
    In: 9780444543158
    In: year:2014
    In: pages:197-261
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-54314-1.00004-5
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chapter 11 Externalities and Growth (2005)
    Show associated volumes
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831634856
    ISBN: 0080461131
    Content: Externalities play a central role in most theories of economic growth. We argue that international externalities, in particular, are essential for explaining a number of empirical regularities about growth and development. Foremost among these is that many countries appear to share a common long run growth rate despite persistently different rates of investment in physical capital, human capital, and research. With this motivation, we construct a hybrid of some prominent growth models that have international knowledge externalities. When calibrated, the hybrid model does a surprisingly good job of generating realistic dispersion of income levels with modest barriers to technology adoption. Human capital and physical capital contribute to income differences both directly (as usual), and indirectly by boosting resources devoted to technology adoption. The model implies that most of income above subsistence is made possible by international diffusion of knowledge.
    In: Handbook of economic growth ; 1A, Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2005, (2005), Seite 817-861, 0080461131
    In: 9780080461137
    In: 9780444520418
    In: 0444520414
    In: 0444520414
    In: 0080461131
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:817-861
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01011-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Intensive Margin In Trade / (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958990377202883
    Format: 1 online resource (67 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Is the variation in bilateral trade flows across countries primarily due to differences in the number of exporting firms (the extensive margin) or in the average size of an exporter (the intensive margin)? And how does this affect the estimation and quantitative implications of the Melitz (2003) trade model? The benchmark Melitz model with Pareto-distributed firm productivity and fixed costs of exporting, predicts that, conditional on the fixed costs of exporting, all variation in exports across trading partners should occur on the extensive margin. This paper subjects this theoretical prediction to a reality check drawing upon the World Bank's Exporter Dynamics Database (EDD) which has firm-level exports from 50 developing countries to all destinations. Around 50 percent of the variation in exports across trading partners is shown to be along the intensive margin, contradicting the benchmark Melitz-Pareto model. The paper finds that moving from a Pareto to a lognormal distribution of firm productivity allows the Melitz model to successfully match the role of the intensive margin evident in the EDD. The paper then studies the implications of our findings for quantitative trade theory. Using likelihood methods and the EDD, a generalized Melitz model with a joint lognormal distribution for firm productivity, fixed costs and demand shifters is estimated, and exact hat algebra is used to quantify the counterfactual effects of a decline in trade costs on trade flows and welfare in the estimated model. Finally, these effects are compared to those that would be predicted by the Melitz-Pareto model, with the Pareto shape parameter chosen to match the average trade elasticity implied by the estimated Melitz-lognormal model. The paper shows that the effects on welfare turn out to be quite close to those in the standard Melitz-Pareto model even though the effects on trade flows remain different.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8625
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