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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in El Salvador (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079327
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (34 Seiten)
    Content: El Salvador is marked by high vulnerability to risks and hazards, such as crime, natural disasters, and migration. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the vulnerability patterns of its population. This paper applies an innovative approach to estimate the population's vulnerability to poverty and analyze its underlying drivers. The findings show that ex-ante vulnerability to poverty decreased over 2016 to 2019, a parallel trend to the poverty reduction observed in the country during this period. This finding comes hand in hand with an increase in the importance of risk factors relative to a low accumulation of assets driving vulnerability. Additionally, household-level shocks play a more significant role than community-level shocks. To address vulnerabilities in the country, the government should invest in adaptive safety nets and risk mitigation strategies
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Rude, Britta Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in El Salvador Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10289
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10289
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Poverty Mapping in El Salvador (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079382
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Content: Poverty mapping, the spatial representation and analysis of human wellbeing and poverty indicators is becoming an increasingly important instrument for investigating and discussing socioeconomic issues, informing targeting efforts, and guiding the geographic allocation of resources. One approach to addressing poverty is the geographic approach. In the geographic approach, poor people are identified and targeted through poverty maps. Indeed, the geographical approach is one of the methods used worldwide for targeting anti-poverty programs to reduce the gaps in social protection coverage of poor and vulnerable groups, and it has been widely implemented in several countries around the world. In 2020, the Salvador's General Directorate of Statistics and Censuses (DIGESTYC) and the World Bank started working on the project 'Poverty mapping in El Salvadora'. The project is part of the government and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Programme, which is performed by experts of the National Statistical Institute (NSI) and the World Bank (WB). The main objective is to calculate the shares of households living in moderate and extreme poverty at disaggregated territorial levels (municipalities). Poverty mapping enhances our understanding of the geographic distribution of people living in poverty. This report presents poverty maps at the municipality level based on the Fay-Herriot model for small-area estimations
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39424
    DOI: 10.1596/39424
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    EUV Frankfurt
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
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    Honduras Poverty Assessment : Toward a Path of Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079368
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Content: Honduras, already among the poorest countries in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, experienced weak poverty reduction in 2014-19 compared to other countries in the region. The COVID-19 pandemic and Hurricanes Eta and Iota led to a rise in poverty from 2019 to 2020; it is likely that poverty will remain above prepandemic levels in 2021. The economic rebound in 2021, as well as the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, led to an increase in food prices; at the same time, Honduras's population is vulnerable to rising food prices and food insecurity is high. In 2019, the extreme poor spent almost half of their income on food. Additionally, food insecurity was persistently high. A striking feature of Honduras is the deep and widening urban-rural divide in terms of quality of life. There is a wide urban-rural poverty gap for both the moderate and the extreme poor, which reflects significant disparities in access to basic services such as electricity, water, and sanitation, and internet usage, as well as lower human capital accumulation and worsen labor market indicators in rural areas. While overall income inequality has been stagnant since 2014, inequality in rural areas has increased while in urban areas it has declined. The country is one of the most unequal countries in LAC. Hondurans continue to face deep and persistent disparities in access to and quality of education, with rural areas heavily penalized, even before the COVID-19 pandemic, despite high spending on education. Subnational disparities are particularly large; poverty continues to be most heavily concentrated in the country's southwestern areas, in departments with higher shares of ethnic minorities, and in municipalities located in the south and southwest. This report focuses on the factors that have contributed to these observed poverty and inequality trends and patterns in Honduras
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39449
    DOI: 10.1596/39449
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 4
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    Gender Dimensions in the Educational Sector in Romania : Background Study for the Romania Gender Assessment (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1877052086
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 7800
    Content: Addressing gender inequalities in educational outcomes is crucial from a human rights and development perspective. Building human capital early in life has crucial implications for developmental and labor market outcomes later in life. In this background note, prepared to inform the Romania Gender Assessment 2023, we rely on a variety of data sources to descriptively study gender inequalities in educational outcomes, such as enrollment rates and test scores, in Romania. We analyze these inequalities for the total population as well as for different income groups andregions. Our evidence shows that gender equality in aggregate estimates often masks important inequalities between subgroups. While in some cases, boys outperform girls, there are also cases in which girls outperform boys. These patterns differ across income groups, regions, and educational levels. Based on this evidence, the Romanian government should take a nuanced approach to achieving gender equality in the educational sector. Moreover, we find that--in the case of all indicators--both Romanian girls and boys perform significantly below the European average and thatthere are some negative trends over time, especially with respect to enrollment rates in secondary schools and school performance. Reversing these trends is crucial to ensure the full development of both boys and girls. Moreover, although girls outperform boys in several educational outcomes, these advantages do not translate into the labor market. We identify several constraints that could drive(reversed) gender gaps in educational outcomes: social norms and gender stereotypes (at home and within the schooling system), relatively low public spending on education at nearly all levels, marginalization and discrimination, teenage pregnancy, and school-based violence. We generate evidence on intergenerational educational persistence, which affects girls more. Moreover, we identify a lack of systematic evidence on what works best to close these gaps, and several important data limitations, such as a lack of indicators that clearly identify Roma children. Lastly, we identify ten high-level policy areas and recommend tailored policy interventions to address gender inequalities ineducation in Romania
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/40669
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Preparatory School Years and Maternal Employment in Romania (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1878010921
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Content: This paper uses the introduction of preparatory school classes targeting six-year-old children in Romania to study whether universal, compulsory, public care provision could increase female employment. Results from difference-in-difference estimations show that the reform resulted in rising employment rates for mothers of six-year-old children. The effect is lower for mothers living in households with elderly people, but larger for those facing stronger trade-offs prior to the reform. Overall, investing in universal, compulsory, public childcare is beneficial and could significantly increase female employment and labor force participation rates
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Robayo-Abril, Monica Preparatory School Years and Maternal Employment in Romania Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10638
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gender Equality in Romania : Where Do We Stand? Romania Gender Assessment (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1877052116
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 7800
    Content: This Country Gender Assessment (CGA) presents updated evidence on the recent gender gaps in Romania and identifies entry points for the sustainable reduction of gender inequalities to support the World Bank country program and the Romanian government's efforts. This CGA updates the 2018 Romania Gender Assessment (World Bank 2018a) while adding new insights concerning the key drivers and policies to reduce gender inequalities in the country. The report diagnoses the most critical barriers (structural, institutional, and behavioral) that females face, particularly when accessing education and employment, and further, how women's employment and educational outcomes are constrained to a greater degree than the same outcomes for males. This is informed by key findings from thematic studies or "deep dives" into areas that have been identified as key determinants of the gender gaps inthe country19 and where knowledge gaps in the country or the lack of recent information are hindering the development and implantation of evidence-based policy. It also presents rigorous evidence on what works in countries with similar income levels and contexts to address those barriers in order to highlight policies and interventions that can move the needle toward gender equality. This analysis aimsto strengthen the knowledge base so as to inform the design of policies and interventions to improve progress toward gender equality. In particular, it is expected to inform the government's and the World Bank's efforts to close the gender gaps
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/40666
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship in Romania : Background Study for the Romania Gender Assessment (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1877052094
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 7800
    Content: Although female entrepreneurship is crucial to generating sustainable and equitable growth patterns, international evidence shows that women tend to be underrepresented in entrepreneurship, and this gender gap has exhibited remarkable persistence. In this study, we first measure the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Romania by using various data sources. We observe significant gender gaps, with the average gender gap in self-employment rates being 4.2 percentage points when abstracting from observable characteristics. Even when controlling for observable characteristics, the gender gap is persistent (3.7 percentage points). Other measures, such as the share of firms with female owners and top managers, indicate that the gap could be even larger. Moreover, we observe that the entrepreneurial gender gap varies across income quintiles and between rural and urban areas. In the second step, we analyze the potential drivers of women's engaging less in entrepreneurship by following the model of the "5 M's" developed by Brush, De Bruin, and Welter (2009). We find that the following drivers play a role in the entrepreneurial gender gap in Romania: gender gaps in financial inclusion and access to assets, harmful gender norms, motherhood, lack of childcare, and eldercare. Our findings suggest the need for a nuanced approach toward female entrepreneurship that factors in the distinct challenges of different groups of women and consists of a menu of policy interventions. Policies should range from improving women's access to relevant assets, human capital, and networks to addressing harmful gender norms and sparking an entrepreneurial culture in Romania more generally. Lastly, our evidence indicates that women are more interested in "impact" entrepreneurship. As women entrepreneurs in Romania mainly operate in the primary sector, givingthem a leading role in the green transition has great potential for more sustainable and equitable growth patterns
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/40668
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
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    Frauen in Afghanistan : Entwicklungen in den letzten 20 Jahren und die Rückkehr der Taliban (2021)
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    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1779773153
    Format: Diagramme
    ISSN: 2199-4455
    Content: Afghanistan ist weltweit einer der gefährlichsten Orte für Frauen. Während der ersten Herrschaft der Taliban von 1996 bis 2001 wurde das Land für die entwürdigende Behandlung von Frauen bekannt. Seit 2001 gab es in Afghanistan zwar Fortschritte bei der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter, aber es bestehen weiterhin große Lücken. Obwohl die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Frauen in den letzten Jahren gestiegen ist, gehört sie zu den niedrigsten der Welt. Vor der Machtübernahme durch die Taliban gab es für Frauen große Fortschritte in der Schulbildung, vor allem im Grundschulbereich. Dies war ebenso im Gesundheitssektor der Fall. Auch bei politischen Entscheidungsprozessen waren Frauen in den letzten Jahren vertreten. Seit Mitte August 2021 sind die Taliban wieder an der Macht. Was bedeutet das für die afghanischen Frauen und Mädchen? Der vorliegende Artikel beleuchtet die Errungenschaften der letzten Jahre bezüglich der Geschlechtergleichstellung und versucht eine Antwort auf diese Frage zu geben.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 53
    In: Ifo Institut, Ifo-Schnelldienst, München : Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 2011, 74(2021), 11 vom: 10. Nov., Seite 49-53, 2199-4455
    In: volume:74
    In: year:2021
    In: number:11
    In: day:10
    In: month:11
    In: pages:49-53
    Language: German
    Keywords: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
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    Informationszentrum DGAP
  • 9
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    Geflüchtete Kinder und Covid-19 : Corona als Brennglas vorhandener Problematiken (2020)
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    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1743897278
    ISSN: 2199-4455
    Content: Die ethnische Vielfalt Deutschlands ist 2020 eine Realität. 40% der Grundschüler haben einen Migrationshintergrund und 5% aller Kinder unter 18 Jahren einen Fluchthintergrund. In den letzten fünf Jahren wurden fast 40% aller Asylbewerbungen von Kindern unter 18 Jahren gestellt. Wie wirkt sich die Pandemie auf die Lebensumstände geflüchteter Kinder in Deutschland aus? Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt, dass diskriminierende Strukturen und die besondere Schutzbedürftigkeit der geflüchteten Kinder durch das Auftreten von Covid-19 verstärkt werden. Geflüchtete Kinder verfügen über weniger digitale Ausstattung, teilweise werden sie nicht von der Schulpflicht erfasst, sowohl ehrenamtliche als auch psychosoziale Angebote werden erschwert und die Integration durch "Social Distancing" beeinträchtigt. Das Leben in Sammelunterkünften hindert das Homeschooling und führt zu Isolation. Nur ein Drittel der Kinder in Sammelunterkünften verfügt über einen eigenen Schreibtisch, und nur 56% haben Zugang zu Internet. 95% aller geflüchteten Kinder können sich vorstellen, auch langfristig in Deutschland zu bleiben. Deswegen muss den negativen Folgen der Pandemie so schnell wie möglich entgegengewirkt werden, um ihnen den Weg in die deutsche Gesellschaft zu erleichtern. Dies ist nicht nur eine humanitäre Verpflichtung, sondern auch im Interesse einer Gesellschaft im demografischen Wandel.
    In: Ifo Institut, Ifo-Schnelldienst, München : Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 2011, 73(2020), 12 vom: 16. Dez., Seite 46-57, 2199-4455
    In: volume:73
    In: year:2020
    In: number:12
    In: day:16
    In: month:12
    In: pages:46-57
    Language: German
    Keywords: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
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    Inst. Menschenrechte
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