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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Power and people : the benefits of renewable energy in Nepal (2011)
    Washington, D.C. :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958080274002883
    Format: xix, 112 pages : , illustrations ; , 25 cm.
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 0-8213-8789-8
    Series Statement: World Bank study
    Content: This report is an output of the technical assistance activity carried out over 2008-2010 to Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC), which is the nodal renewable energy agency of Nepal. This study has been designed to establish a monitoring system for AEPC to continually measure the results of the renewable energy programs against the targets and to organize an evaluation system that measures the impact of micro-hydro installations on rural livelihoods. Given AEPC's highly visible role, the need to develop a system that provides information on a wide range of technical, operational, and fin
    Note: "June 2010." , Contents; Acronyms and Abbreviations; Acknowledgments; Executive Summary; Figures; Tables; 1. A Long Road to Expanding Rural Access; 2. Objectives and Methodology of a Monitoring Framework Design for Renewable Energy; 3. Coverage and Attributes of Micro-Hydro for Households and Enterprises; 4. Benefits of Electrification to Rural Households; Boxes; 5. Implementation of the Management Information System (MIS); 6. Action Plan and Way Forward for AEPC; References; Annexes , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-8779-0
    Language: English
    Keywords: Electronic books
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    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-8779-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Benefits of Solar Home Systems : An Analysis from Bangladesh (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246575202883
    Format: 1 online resource (41 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The Government of Bangladesh, with help from the World Bank and other donors, has provided aid to a local agency called Infrastructure Development Company Limited and its partner organizations to devise a credit scheme for marketing solar home system units and making these an affordable alternative to grid electricity for poor people in remote areas. This paper uses household survey data to examine the financing scheme behind the dissemination of these solar home systems, in particular the role of the subsidy; the factors that determine the adoption of the systems in rural Bangladesh; and the welfare impacts of such adoption. The paper finds that while the subsidy has been declining over time, the demand for solar home systems has seen phenomenal growth, mostly because of technological developments that have made the systems increasingly more affordable. Households with better physical and educational endowments are more likely to adopt solar home systems than poor households. The price of the system matters in household decision making-a 10 percent decline in the price of the system increases the overall demand for a solar panel by 2 percent. As for the benefits, adoption of a solar home system improves children's evening study time, lowers kerosene consumption, and provides health benefits for household members, in particular for women. It is also found to increase women's decision-making ability in certain household affairs. Finally, it is found to increase household consumption expenditure, although at a small scale.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6724
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Access, Efficiency, and Poverty : How Many Households Are Energy Poor in Bangladesh ? (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246208202883
    Format: 1 online resource (50 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Access to energy, especially modern sources, is a key to any development initiative. Based on cross-section data from a 2004 survey of some 2,300 households in rural Bangladesh, this paper studies the welfare impacts of household energy use, including that of modern energy, and estimates the household minimum energy requirement that could be used as a basis for an energy poverty line. The paper finds that although the use of both traditional (biomass energy burned in conventional stoves) and modern (electricity and kerosene) sources improves household consumption and income, the return on modern sources is 20 to 25 times higher than that on traditional sources. In addition, after comparing alternate measures of the energy poverty line, the paper finds that some 58 percent of rural households in Bangladesh are energy poor, compared with 45 percent that are income poor. The findings suggest that growth in electrification and adoption of efficient cooking stoves for biomass use can lower energy poverty in a climate-friendly way by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Reducing energy poverty helps reduce income poverty as well.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5332
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Benefits of Electrification and the Role of Reliability : Evidence from India (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143908002883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper estimates the welfare impact of rural electrification in India using nationally representative household panel survey data for 2005 and 2012. Analysis based on a propensity-score-weighted fixed-effects model finds that while electrification is associated with a broad range of social and economic benefits, the size of the effects depends importantly on the reliability of electricity service. Gaining access to electricity combined with a reliable power supply is associated with a 17 percent increase in income during the sample period, but gaining access to electricity alone is associated with only a 9.6 percent increase in income. The net gain from both increasing the access rate and reducing power outages in rural India is estimated to be USD 11 billion a year. Moreover, India's rural electrification policy appears to be progressive because lower-income households benefit more from access to electricity than higher-income households during the sample period.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7889
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Heterogeneous Effects of Rural Electrification : Evidence from Bangladesh (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958250943402883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Achieving universal access to electricity is one of the most important energy policy goals set by governments in the developing world. The recent empirical literature, however, paints a mixed picture about the economic viability of rural electrification. Although many studies find substantial socioeconomic benefits from rural electrification, others propose that these benefits are overstated. This paper examines the hypothesis that the magnitude and the nature of benefits associated with electrification are highly context dependent. Using a panel data of 7,018 rural households in Bangladesh for 2005 and 2010, the paper explores two underlying determinants of the heterogeneity: the quality of electricity supply and the number of years of being connected to the grid. The analysis uses an instrumental variable and propensity-score-weighed fixed-effects model to address potential endogeneity of electricity adoption. The analysis finds that power outages have a negative impact on almost all development outcomes considered, while some benefits of electrification accrue only over the long run. The overall gain from expanding access to and improving reliability of electricity supply in Bangladesh is estimated to be USD 2.3 billion a year.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8102
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy poverty in rural and urban India : are the energy poor also income poor? (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246195402883
    Format: 1 online resource (40 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Energy poverty is a frequently used term among energy specialists, but unfortunately the concept is rather loosely defined. Several existing approaches measure energy poverty by defining an energy poverty line as the minimum quantity of physical energy needed to perform such basic tasks as cooking and lighting. This paper proposes an alternative measure that is based on energy demand. The energy poverty line is defined as the threshold point at which energy consumption begins to rise with increases in household income. This approach was applied to cross-sectional data from a comprehensive 2005 household survey representative of both urban and rural India. The findings suggest that in rural areas some 57 percent of households are energy poor, versus 22 percent that are income poor. For urban areas the energy poverty rate is 28 percent compared with 20 percent that are income poor. Policies to reduce energy poverty would include support for rural electrification, the promotion of more modern cooking fuels, and encouraging greater adoption of improved biomass stoves. A combination of these programs would play a significant role in reducing energy poverty in rural India.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5463
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seasonality of Rural Finance / (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246224702883
    Format: 1 online resource (53 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Simultaneity of borrowing, withdrawal of savings, and loan defaults due to the pronounced seasonality of ag-riculture often leads to investment failure of rural financial institutions. Lack of borrowing leads to lack of in-come- and consumption-smoothing, and in turn, causes inefficient resource allocation by rural households. Financial institutions that are active in rural areas take different measures to address the covariate risks in in-termediation. For example, microfinance institutions have sought various measures such as supporting non-farm activities to diversify income, introducing seasonal loans, and bringing flexibility in loan repayments to reduce non-payments in lean seasons. This paper examines whether the financial inclusion policies of micro-finance institutions have successfully helped reduce the adverse effects of covariate risks. Analysis of house-hold and program level data from Bangladesh suggests that despite the innovative measures taken by the MFIs to cope with the covariate risks, seasonality of income still affects seasonality of borrowing and invest-ment decisions of both the households and MFIs beyond and above what is caused normally by agricultural seasonality. Innovation is needed to promote, among other things, sectoral diversification of financial inter-mediation and to avert the extreme seasonality of rural income. Rural labor markets should be diversified enough to address the seasonality of income and consumption. Public policies guiding rural financial inter-mediation must reflect such realities of rural economies.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7986
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are Microcredit Borrowers in Bangladesh over-Indebted? / (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246588502883
    Format: 1 online resource (43 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Microcredit programs in Bangladesh have experienced spectacular growth in recent years, with a growing number of borrowers availing credit from multiple microcredit agencies. There is a growing concern that if there are not sufficient returns to borrowing from microfinance institutions (MFIS), some borrowers might be taking loans that they will not be able to repay. A household may be considered over-indebted, for example, if its debt liability exceeds 40 percent of its income or assets. Using a long panel of household survey data from Bangladesh, the paper finds that some 26 percent of microcredit borrowers are over-indebted on this measure versus 22 percent of non-microcredit borrowers. Econometric analysis suggests that both MFI competition and multiple borrowing raise indebtedness. However, repeated borrowing, while it affects short-term liability adversely, does affect the long-term debt-asset ratio favorably. That is, repeated borrowing helps increase assets more than debt over time. Microcredit borrowers in Bangladesh are thus not necessarily over-indebted. But when borrowing is seen as protection against shocks such as floods even at the cost of being indebted, MFIs may offer micro-insurance schemes to safeguard borrowers against economic shocks.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6574
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seasonal and Extreme Poverty in Bangladesh : Evaluating An Ultra-Poor Microfinance Project (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246208302883
    Format: 1 online resource (54 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Microfinance is often criticized for not adequately addressing seasonality and hard-core poverty. In Bangladesh, a program known as PRIME was introduced in 2006 to address both concerns. Unlike regular microfinance, PRIME introduces a microfinance scheme that offers a flexible repayment schedule and consumption smoothing, as well as production, loans. It targets the ultra-poor, many of whom are also seasonally poor, with a severe inability to smooth consumption during certain months of the year. Besides providing loans, PRIME offers extension and training services. This paper uses a quasi-experimental survey design to evaluate PRIME against regular microfinance programs. The results show that PRIME is more effective than regular microfinance in reaching the ultra-poor, as well as the seasonal poor. PRIME also helps reduce seasonal deprivation and extreme poverty. Although the program has demonstrated its promise, it is too early to conclude whether the accrued benefits are large enough to contain both seasonal and chronic poverty on a sustained basis.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5331
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Welfare Impacts of Rural Electrification : Evidence from Vietnam (2009)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958076708002883
    Format: 1 online resource (51 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Access to electricity is crucial for economic development and there is a growing body of literature on the impact of rural electrification on development. However, most studies have so far relied on cross-sectional surveys comparing households with and without electricity, which have well known causal attribution problems. This paper is one of the first studies to examine the welfare impacts of households' rural electrification based on panel surveys conducted in 2002 and 2005 for some 1,100 households in rural Vietnam. The findings indicate that grid electrification has been both extensive (connecting all surveyed communes by 2005) and intensive (connecting almost 80 percent of the surveyed households by 2005). Vietnam is unusual in that once electricity is locally available, both rich and poor households are equally likely to get the connection. The econometric estimations suggest that grid electrification has significant positive impacts on households' cash income, expenditure, and educational outcomes. The benefits, however, reach a saturation point after prolonged exposure to electricity. Finally, this study recommends investigating the long-term benefits of rural electrification - not just for households, but for the rural economy as a whole.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5057
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