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  • 1
    UID:
    gbv_1012081486
    Format: XIII, 185 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    ISBN: 3959420447 , 9783959420440
    Series Statement: ifo Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung 78 (2018)
    Content: The organization of the Prussian school system still affects the German education system of today. Against the background of end-of-nineteenth-Prussia this thesis analyzes how education funding emerges in a federal system and how it affects prosperity and nation building in a setting of religious and ethno-linguistic heterogeneity. The econometric analyses are based on census data, originally collected by the Royal Statistical Office of Prussia and partly digitized for this thesis. The thesis consists of four distinct empirical analyses on educational economics from a historical perspective, two chapters investigating the consequences of educational inputs and two chapters examining the determinants of educational provision and performance in nineteenth-century Prussia.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis Seite 173-185 , Dissertation Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 2018
    Language: English
    Subjects: Economics
    RVK:
    Keywords: Preußen ; Schulbildung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Hochschulschrift
    Author information: Schüler, Ruth M. 1987-
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  • 2
    UID:
    gbv_1871681383
    ISSN: 1864-810X
    Content: Die deutsche Rentenversicherung steht durch den demografischen Wandel unter enormem Reformdruck. Trotz großer Besorgtheit findet keine Reform der im Versicherungssystem angelegten Stellschrauben eine Mehrheit in der deutschen Bevölkerung. In einem Vignettenexperiment im Rahmen der IW-Personenbefragung 2023 werden Beitragssatz, Sicherungsniveau und Regelaltersgrenze zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt und die möglichen Reformanpassungen simuliert. Auch das explizite Aufzeigen von Reformoptionen verhindert die bestehenden Reformaversionen nicht. Bei der direkten Gegenüberstellung der Reformoptionen erfährt eine Erhöhung des Beitragssatzes die geringste Ablehnung. Rentenkürzungen werden als am schmerzhaftesten eingeordnet. Im direkten Vergleich wird ein späterer Renteneintritt um ein Jahr ähnlich negativ bewertet, wie eine Erhöhung des Beitragssatzes um rund 3 Prozentpunkte oder eine Absenkung der Rente um etwa 4 Prozent. Die geringste Reformbereitschaft besteht bei den Personen, die eine Reform am wenigsten treffen würde: bei den über 50-Jährigen. In der Bevölkerungsgruppe der unter 50-Jährigen werden alle Reformoptionen deutlich weniger stark abgelehnt. Dass der sichtbare Druck auf das Rentensystem gerade jüngeren Menschen Flexibilität abtrotzt, sollte Ausgangspunkt des Werbens für eine Reform sein. Tatenlosigkeit würde ein stärkeres Engagement in der betrieblichen und privaten Altersvorsorge erfordern oder bei gleichzeitiger Zusicherung eines konstanten Rentenniveaus zu einer immensen Belastung des Staatshaushalts führen. Das weitere Herauszögern einer Reform, birgt die Gefahr, die Anspruchshaltung der Bevölkerung an ein konstantes Rentenniveau ohne eigene Gegenleistung zu verfestigen, Spielräume einzuengen und den Rentendiskurs zu verhärten.
    Content: The demographic transition is putting the German statutory pension insurance system under enormous pressure to reform. Despite widespread concern, no reform of the adjustment mechanisms incorporated into the pension system meets with the approval of a majority of the population. A factorial survey experiment conducted as part of the German Economic Institute's 2023 IW Survey of Individuals related the level of pension contributions to the degree of security and the standard retirement age and simulated the adjustments reforms could achieve. However, even this explicit identification of reform options failed to counteract popular aversion to changes. When potential reform measures were compared directly, raising contributions was rejected by the fewest respondents, while cutting pension benefits was rated the most painful measure. In direct comparison, postponing the standard retirement age by one year was as unacceptable as a 3-percentage-point increase in the contribution rate or a reduction in pension benefits of about 4 per cent. The lowest acceptance of reforms was to be found among those whom they would least affect: the over-50s. Among under-50s, the rejection of all reform options is considerably weaker. The fact that the widely perceived pressure on the pension system is forcing younger people in particular to be more flexible should be taken as a basis for advocating reform. Failure to act would require more investment in occupational and private pensions or, if there was a simultaneous guarantee that the present level of pension benefits would be maintained, put a huge burden on public finances. Moreover, further delaying pension reform risks reinforcing the population's expectation that the level of pension benefits will stay constant without any sacrifice on their part, thus narrowing policymakers' room for manoeuvre and hardening the fronts in the public debate.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache
    In: Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, IW-Trends, Köln : Dt. Inst.-Verl., 2000, 50(2023), 4, Seite 45-60, 1864-810X
    In: volume:50
    In: year:2023
    In: number:4
    In: pages:45-60
    Language: German
    Keywords: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Author information: Diermeier, Matthias 1989-
    Author information: Schüler, Ruth M. 1987-
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  • 3
    UID:
    gbv_1839620277
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (IV, 14 Seiten)
    Series Statement: IDOS discussion paper 2023, 7
    Uniform Title: Steuervergünstigungen in den OECD-Ländern$dErkenntnisse aus der Global Tax Expenditures Database
    Content: The Global Tax Expenditures Database (https://GTED.net/) collects national reports on tax expenditures for 101 countries for the period from 1990 to the present. Based on these data, the development of tax expenditures in the 38 OECD countries between 1999 and today is examined. A look at the data shows that even in countries with high GDP and comprehensive tax coverage, reporting is often incomplete. For a subset of 16 OECD countries for which (relatively) continuous reporting over the period is available, we look at the development of tax benefits for households and firms. We can show that data availability improves over time. For the development of business tax expenditures, a weakly significant positive trend can be identified in terms of tax revenues foregone, driven mainly by the Netherlands and Ireland. Both countries are known for wanting to strengthen their business location through generous tax expenditures for businesses. Tax expenditures for private households, which are on average higher than the level of tax expenditures for businesses in the countries under review, do not show any significant time trend, even though they were increasingly used to relieve the burden on private households and businesses during the financial crisis of 2008/09. In order to compare tax expenditures between countries and to better assess their effectiveness, regular reporting at the national level, transparent definitions and ideally uniform standards would be helpful. Regular monitoring by a commission of experts could contribute to the consistency and comparability.
    Additional Edition: Parallele Sprachausgabe Beznoska, Martin, 1984 - Steuervergünstigungen in den OECD-Ländern
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9783960212089
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Beznoska, Martin, 1984 - Tax expenditures in OECD countries Bonn : German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), 2023 ISBN 9783960212089
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Author information: Beznoska, Martin 1984-
    Author information: Schüler, Ruth M. 1987-
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  • 4
    UID:
    gbv_1859515886
    ISSN: 1864-810X
    Content: Während die deutsche Bevölkerung zentrale Kenngrößen des deutschen Rentensystems vergleichsweise treffsicher bewerten kann, wird das Ausmaß des bevorstehenden demografischen Wandels unterschätzt. Dabei wird die Lebenserwartung von Männern und Frauen im Alter von 65 Jahren um jeweils fünf Jahre unterschätzt. Eine Auswertung der IW-Personenbefragung 2023 zeigt, dass die eigene Altersvorsorge breiter aufgestellt ist, wenn das Wissen um die Alterssicherung höher ist. Systemisches Wissen um die gesetzliche Rentenversicherung ist hierbei relevanter als das Wissen um den demografischen Wandel. Das Wissen um die Alterssicherung ist bei Menschen über 50 Jahren höher als bei der jüngeren, im Erwerbsleben stehenden Bevölkerung. Gleichwohl ist das Thema Alterssicherung gerade für diese Gruppe relevant. Zur Steigerung des Engagements in der betrieblichen und privaten Altersvorsorge kann es daher förderlich sein, den Informationsstand der jüngeren Bevölkerung in Bezug auf das Alterssicherungswissen zu erhöhen. Hierfür können die Deutsche Rentenversicherung, der Rentenbescheid und die geplante Digitale Rentenübersicht genutzt werden.
    Content: People in Germany have a relatively accurate knowledge of the main details of the German pension system. On the other hand, they are unaware of the extent to which the demographics of German society are about to change, underestimating the respective life expectancies of men and women at age 65 by five years. An analysis of the 2023 survey of individuals conducted by the German Economic Institute (IW) shows that the greater the respondents' knowledge on old-age provision, the more broadly based are their own plans for financing their retirement. For such planning, it is more important to understand the statutory pension insurance scheme than to be aware of the demographic transition. Those over 50 know more about old-age pension provision than the younger working population, though this topic is especially relevant for the latter group. Raising awareness of retirement plans among younger generations would help to stimulate investment in occupational and private pensions. The German Statutory Pension Insurance, the organisation responsible for the state pension scheme, already issues all contributors with a statement of their anticipated pension entitlements, and this, together with the planned digital pension overview, could be used to raise such awareness.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache
    In: Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, IW-Trends, Köln : Dt. Inst.-Verl., 2000, 50(2023), 2, Seite 77-95, 1864-810X
    In: volume:50
    In: year:2023
    In: number:2
    In: pages:77-95
    Language: German
    Keywords: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Author information: Schüler, Ruth M. 1987-
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