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  • 1
    UID:
    b3kat_BV024444166
    Format: 112 S.
    Language: Undetermined
    Keywords: Firth of Forth ; Eisenbahnbrücke
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] :Oxford Univ. Press,
    UID:
    almahu_BV025539462
    Format: XIV, 676 S. : , graph. Darst.
    Edition: 1. publ.
    ISBN: 978-0-19-856836-0 , 0-19-856836-3
    Series Statement: Oxford mathematical monographs
    Language: English
    Subjects: Mathematics
    RVK:
    Keywords: Pseudodifferentialoperator
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris, France : OECD Development Centre
    UID:
    gbv_894705954
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre working paper no. 339
    Content: The grant element is the “gift portion” of a financial transaction. The mathematical technique for arriving at a precise grant element percentage was first proposed by John Pincus of the RAND Corporation in 1963, and developed mathematically by Göran Ohlin of the Development Centre in 1966. Pincus also advocated expressing foreign aid in terms of its grant equivalent – i.e. the grant element expressed as a monetary value instead of a percentage. Grant element methodology was first used officially in 1969, in a target for softening the terms of aid. A grant element test was then introduced into the definition of official development assistance in 1972. Grant element methodology was subsequently applied to regulate the terms of export credits, to help assess the sustainability of developing country borrowing, and to calculate the level of debt relief and ensure comparability of effort in relevant Paris Club debt rescheduling operations. Central to grant element calculations is the selection of an appropriate discount rate to reflect financial market conditions. The present low interest rate environment raises challenges in this respect. This paper offers a layman’s introduction to the nature and mechanics of grant element methodology, and to the history of its application in practice.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    Language: English
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
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  • 4
    UID:
    gbv_776491121
    Format: Online-Ressource (25 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 12
    Content: The definition of Official Development Assistance (ODA) has for 40 years been the global standard for measuring donor efforts in supporting development co-operation objectives. It has provided the yardstick for documenting the volume and the terms of the concessional resources provided, assessing donor performance against their aid pledges and enabling partner countries, civil society and others to hold donors to account. Yet for all its value, the ODA definition has always reflected a compromise between political expediency and statistical reality. It is based on interpretation and consensus and therefore allows for flexibility. It has evolved over the decades, while preserving the original concepts of a definition based on principal developmental motivation, official character and a degree of concessionality. While agreement on the ODA concept was a major achievement, discussion of the appropriateness of this measure has never ended. The paper documents the evolution of the ODA concept and proposes a possible new approach to measuring aid effort.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    Language: English
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    UID:
    gbv_841404453
    Format: Online-Ressource (25 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 24
    Content: Official development assistance (ODA) has been the standard measure of foreign aid for 45 years, but its creation was largely accidental, and followed no plan. Its origins lie with efforts by the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the early 60s to soften and harmonise the terms of aid to developing countries. The DAC agreed a first Recommendation on aid terms in 1965, but its targets were complex and its quantities not adequately defined. An underlying difficulty was identifying which loans were soft enough to count as aid and thus be subject to the disciplines. Among metrics for valuing the concession embodied in loans, the “grant element” methodology proved the most fruitful, and it was used to refine the targets in a 1969 Supplement to the Recommendation. That Supplement introduced the idea of “official development assistance”, but without defining it. It was not until the 1972 revision of the Terms Recommendation that ODA was fully defined. This included setting a minimum grant element for an ODA loan and a single target for the overall “softness” of aid programmes. Special terms targets were agreed for a new category of Least Developed Countries. Though not perfect, the 1972 decisions created an integrated and fully specified system for monitoring aid volume and softening aid terms. The process that produced this result turned on interactions between the OECD and the UN system that helped generate the required innovations in concepts and techniques.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    Language: English
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford :Oxford University Press,
    UID:
    almahu_9948206492702882
    Format: 1 online resource (xiv, 676 p.) : , ill.
    ISBN: 9780191594748 (ebook) : , 0191594741 (ebook) :
    Series Statement: Oxford mathematical monographs
    Content: For graduates and researchers in mathematics and physics 'Traces and Determinants of Elliptic Pseudodiff Operators' covers the basics of the topics, advances and developments.
    Additional Edition: Print version ISBN 9780198568360
    Language: English
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  • 7
    UID:
    b3kat_BV047933788
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (31 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers
    Content: The grant element is the "gift portion" of a financial transaction. The mathematical technique for arriving at a precise grant element percentage was first proposed by John Pincus of the RAND Corporation in 1963, and developed mathematically by Göran Ohlin of the Development Centre in 1966. Pincus also advocated expressing foreign aid in terms of its grant equivalent - i.e. the grant element expressed as a monetary value instead of a percentage. Grant element methodology was first used officially in 1969, in a target for softening the terms of aid. A grant element test was then introduced into the definition of official development assistance in 1972. Grant element methodology was subsequently applied to regulate the terms of export credits, to help assess the sustainability of developing country borrowing, and to calculate the level of debt relief and ensure comparability of effort in relevant Paris Club debt rescheduling operations. Central to grant element calculations is the selection of an appropriate discount rate to reflect financial market conditions. The present low interest rate environment raises challenges in this respect. This paper offers a layman's introduction to the nature and mechanics of grant element methodology, and to the history of its application in practice
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 8
    UID:
    b3kat_BV047933922
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (27 Seiten) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers
    Content: The definition of Official Development Assistance (ODA) has for 40 years been the global standard for measuring donor efforts in supporting development co-operation objectives. It has provided the yardstick for documenting the volume and the terms of the concessional resources provided, assessing donor performance against their aid pledges and enabling partner countries, civil society and others to hold donors to account. Yet for all its value, the ODA definition has always reflected a compromise between political expediency and statistical reality. It is based on interpretation and consensus and therefore allows for flexibility. It has evolved over the decades, while preserving the original concepts of a definition based on principal developmental motivation, official character and a degree of concessionality. While agreement on the ODA concept was a major achievement, discussion of the appropriateness of this measure has never ended. The paper documents the evolution of the ODA concept and proposes a possible new approach to measuring aid effort
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    UID:
    b3kat_BV047935087
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers
    Content: Official development assistance (ODA) has been the standard measure of foreign aid for 45 years, but its creation was largely accidental, and followed no plan. Its origins lie with efforts by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the early 60s to soften and harmonise the terms of aid to developing countries. The DAC agreed a first Recommendation on aid terms in 1965, but its targets were complex and its quantities not adequately defined. An underlying difficulty was identifying which loans were soft enough to count as aid and thus be subject to the disciplines. Among metrics for valuing the concession embodied in loans, the "grant element" methodology proved the most fruitful, and it was used to refine the targets in a 1969 Supplement to the Recommendation. That Supplement introduced the idea of "official development assistance", but without defining it. It was not until the 1972 revision of the Terms Recommendation that ODA was fully defined. This included setting a minimum grant element for an ODA loan and a single target for the overall "softness" of aid programmes. Special terms targets were agreed for a new category of Least Developed Countries. Though not perfect, the 1972 decisions created an integrated and fully specified system for monitoring aid volume and softening aid terms. The process that produced this result turned on interactions between the OECD and the UN system that helped generate the required innovations in concepts and techniques
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 10
    UID:
    gbv_335286003
    Format: 93 S , Zahlr. Ill , 24cm
    ISBN: 1852730803
    Language: English
    Keywords: Ballett ; Technik ; Wörterbuch
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