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  • 1
    UID:
    almahu_9949191382902882
    Format: 1 online resource (xxxi, 272 pages) , illustrations ; , 27 cm.
    ISBN: 9780821397718 (alk. paper)
    Series Statement: MENA development report
    Note: Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive summary -- The framework for SSN reform in MENA -- The challenge : poverty, exclusion, and vulnerability to shocks -- The current state of social safety nets in MENA -- The political economy of SSN reforms : MENA speaks! -- The way forward : how to make MENA safety nets more effective and innovative -- Annex 1.1: Posters presenting global showcase of best practice in SSN -- Annex 2.1: Demographic statistics and poverty incidence for selected mena countries -- Annex 2.2: Description of the data used for the micro-analysis -- Annex 3.1: Methodological annex -- Annex 3.2: Non-subsidy SSN programs included in household survey assessment -- Annex 3.3: SSN programs in MENA SSN inventory -- Annex 4.1: MENA speaks questionnaire -- Annex 4.2: Awareness of programs and subsidies.
    Additional Edition: Print Version: ISBN 9780821397718
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    UID:
    almafu_9958143929302883
    Format: 1 online resource (37 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: In many countries safety nets consist predominantly of universal subsidies on food and fuel. A key question for policy makers willing to shift to targeted safety nets is under what conditions middle-class citizens would be supportive of redistributive programs. Results from a behavioral experiment based on a nationally representative sample in Jordan reveal that increasing transparency in benefit delivery makes middle-class citizens (particularly among the youth and low-trust individuals) more willing to forgo their own welfare to benefit the poor. Moreover, increasing transparency enhances the relative support for cash-based safety nets, which have greater impact on poverty compared with in-kind transfers, but may be perceived as more prone to elite capture.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9958246417602883
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Fixed costs associated with learning about demand and setting up distribution networks are expected to be lower when there are more potential contacts in the destination market, suggesting a greater probability of market entry and larger export revenues. The authors match historically-determined emigration stocks with detailed firm-level data from Portugal to examine the effect of migrant networks on these export outcomes. They find that larger stocks of emigrants in a given destination increase export participation and intensity. In addition, they show that the former of these effects tends to be more pronounced among firms that are more likely to have close ties with the emigrants. These results are consistent with a multiple-destination version of the Melitz (2003) model featuring market-specific entry costs and idiosyncratic firm-destination demand shocks.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9960070281202883
    Format: 1 online resource (45 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Cash transfer programs have expanded widely in developing countries and have been credited for sizable reductions in poverty. However, their potential disincentive effects on beneficiaries' labor supply have spurred a heated policy debate. This paper studies the impact of a large-scale program Bolsa Familia in Brazil on local labor markets in a context where such concerns could be particularly strong: eligibility is means-tested and the paper focuses on the formal labor market, where earnings are more easily verifiable. Yet, the analysis finds that an expansion of Bolsa Familia increased local formal employment, using variation in the size of the reform across municipalities. The evidence is consistent with multiplier effects of cash transfers in the local economy, which dominate potential negative effects on formal labor supply among beneficiaries.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9958143929202883
    Format: 1 online resource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper examines whether export participation matters for job training. The paper draws on longitudinal worker-firm data for Brazilian manufacturing, linked with detailed records on training activity from the main provider. The analysis uses industry-specific exchange rate movements to generate exogenous variation in export status at the firm-level. The findings indicate that export participation tends to increase the share of workers who receive technical upgrading. The results also reveal that technical upgrading has positive returns to trainees within exporting firms. These findings support the hypothesis that exporting requires skill upgrading, and suggest that this is partially achieved by training firms' existing workforce.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9958246555402883
    Format: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper examines the extent to which the destination of exports matters for the input prices paid by firms, using detailed customs and firm-product-level data from Portugal. The authors use exchange rate movements as a source of variation in export destinations and find that exporting to richer countries leads firms to charge more for outputs and pay higher prices for inputs, other things equal. The results are supportive of the hypothesis that an exogenous increase in average destination income leads firms to raise the average quality of goods they produce and to purchase higher-quality inputs.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9959137488102883
    Format: 1 online resource (72 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper documents an inverse U-shape in the evolution of wage inequality in Latin America since 1995, with a sharp reduction starting in 2002. The Gini coefficient of wages increased from 42 to 44 between 1995 and 2002 and declined to 39 by 2015. Between 2002 and 2015, the 90/10 log hourly earnings ratio decreased by 26 percent. The decline since 2002 was characterized by rising wages across the board, but especially among those at the bottom of the wage distribution in each country. Triggered by a rapid expansion of educational attainment, the wages of college and high school graduates fell relative to those with primary education. The premium for labor market experience also fell significantly. But the compression of wages was not entirely driven by changes in the wage structure across skill groups. Two-thirds of the decline in the variance of wages took place within skill groups. Changes in the sectoral, occupational, and formal-informal composition of jobs matter for the process of reduction in inequality, but do not fully account for the fall in within-skill variance. Evidence using longitudinal matched employer-employee administrative data suggests that an important driver was falling wage dispersion across firms.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 8
    UID:
    almafu_9958391250602883
    Format: 1 online resource (30 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Does increased import competition lead to higher returns to skill within an industry and, therefore, to greater incentives for skill acquisition? Does it also induce skill upgrading by the industry's existing workforce? To answer these questions, this paper follows individual workers across skills/occupations, firms, and industries using a longitudinal matched employer-employee data set covering all workers and firms in Portugal over 1986-2000. To identify the effects of international competition the analysis uses two exogenous measures of changes in international competition at the industry level. The first is a quasi-natural experiment based on the strong appreciation of the Portuguese currency during 1989-1992 and preexisting differences in trade exposure across industries in a differences-in-differences estimation. The second is source-weighted real exchange rates defined at the industry level. Based on both empirical strategies, and two definitions of skill, the paper shows that international competition increases returns to skill and induces skill/occupation upgrading within industries.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    UID:
    almahu_BV046747880
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 436 Seiten) : , Illustrationen.
    ISBN: 978-3-030-44436-5
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-030-44435-8
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-030-44437-2
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 10
    UID:
    almafu_9961265489402883
    Format: 1 online resource (63 pages).
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers
    Content: This paper estimates worker and firm impacts of foreign shocks, and the income support provided by assistance programs. It exploits quasi-experimental variation in firms' foreign demand resulting from the global financial crisis, using employer-employee data for Brazil in 2004-2017, linked with firm customs and financial data, and administrative data covering the universe of cash transfer, unemployment insurance, and training beneficiaries. Negative employment effects take over a decade to dissipate fully, wage effects persist, and firm restructuring involves occupational adjustment, increasing permanently skilled workers while reducing unskilled workers. Brazilian workers suffer smaller employment losses in highly informal locations and concentrated sectors. Underlying labor scarring is firm scarring caused by selection (exit) and (revenue, employment and productivity) downsizing. Unemployment insurance and cash transfers yield limited wage loss replacement (6 percent). Training does not increase. The evidence shows that a temporary shock induces persistent effects: firm restructuring scars incumbent workers and increases long-run inequality. Firm scarring may be even more severe in less flexible labor markets. Using data from Ecuador, analysis finds that firms do not adjust workforce composition, but they permanently reduce capital which increases scarring.
    Language: English
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