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Format: 1 online resource (66 pages)

Series Statement: Policy research working papers.

Content: This paper relaxes the single-factor model of intergenerational educational mobility and analyzes heterogeneous effects of family background on children's education in villages, with a focus on the role of nonfarm occupations. The analysis uses data from rural China that cover three generations, and are not subject to coresident sample selection. Evidence from a battery of econometric approaches shows that the mean effects of parents' education miss substantial heterogeneity across farm-nonfarm occupations. Having nonfarm parents, in general, has positive effects, but children of low educated non-farmer parents (with higher income) do not enjoy any advantages over the children of more educated farmer parents. Estimates of cross-partial effects without imposing functional form show little evidence of complementarity between parental education and nonfarm occupation. The role of family background remains relatively stable across generations for girls, but for boys, family background has become more important after the market reform. The paper explores causality using three approaches: Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, minimum biased inverse propensity weighted estimator, and heteroscedasticity-based identification. The analysis results suggest that the advantages of having more educated parents, especially with nonfarm occupations, are unlikely to be due solely to selection on genetic transmissions. However, the estimated positive effects of nonfarm over farmer parents among the low educated households may be driven entirely by moderate selection on genetic endowment.

Language: English

DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7459

URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

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Format: 1 online resource (60 pages)

Content: This paper presents evidence on intergenerational educational and occupational mobility in rural China over a period of 14 years (1988-2002). To understand whether the estimated inter-generational persistence can be driven solely by unobserved heterogeneity, biprobit sensitivity analysis and heteroskedasticity-based identification are implemented. The empirical results show that there have been dramatic improvements in occupational mobility from agriculture to nonfarm occupations; a farmer's children are not any more likely to become farmers in 2002, although there was significant persistence in occupation choices in 1988. In contrast, the intergenerational mobility in educational attainment has remained largely unchanged for daughters, and it has deteriorated significantly for sons. There is strong evidence of a causal effect of parental education on a son's schooling in 2002. The paper provides some possible explanations for the dramatic divergence between occupational and educational mobility in rural China from 1988 to 2002.

Language: English

URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (57 pages)

Series Statement: Policy research working papers.

Content: This paper extends the Becker-Tomes model of intergenerational educational mobility to a rural economy characterized by farm-nonfarm occupational dualism and provides a comparative analysis of rural China and rural India. The model builds a micro-foundation for the widely used linear-in-levels estimating equation. Returns to education for parents and productivity of financial investment in children's education determine relative mobility, as measured by the slope, while the intercept depends, among other factors, on the degree of persistence in nonfarm occupations. Unlike many existing studies based on coresident samples, our estimates of intergenerational mobiity do not suffer from truncation bias. The sons in rural India faced lower educational mobility compared with the sons in rural China in the 1970s to 1990s. To understand the role of genetic inheritance, Altonji and others (2005) sensitivity analysis is combined with the evidence on intergenerational correlation in cognitive ability in economics and behavioral genetics literature. The observed persistence can be due solely to genetic correlations in China, but not in India. Fathers' nonfarm occupation and education were complementary in determining a sons' schooling in India, but separable in China. There is evidence of emerging complementarity for the younger cohorts in rural China. Structural change in favor of the nonfarm sector contributed to educational inequality in rural India. Evidence from supplementary data on economic mechanisms suggests that the model provides plausible explanations for the contrasting roles of occupational dualism in intergenerational educational mobility in rural India and rural China.

Language: English

DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9316

URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)

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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 85 p. 53 illus., 43 illus. in color)

Edition: 1st ed. 2024

ISBN: 9789819991914

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-981-9991-90-7

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-981-9991-92-1

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-981-9991-93-8

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9191-4

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (646 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 0-443-15370-1

Series Statement: Handbooks in Separation Science Series

Content: Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Related Techniques defines the current state-of-the-art in ion-exchange chromatography and related techniques and their implementation in laboratory and industrial practice. This book provides a compact source of information to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and experience acquired by separation science specialists to colleagues from diverse backgrounds who need to acquire fundamental and practical information to facilitate progress in research and management functions reliant on information acquired by separation. Individual chapters written by recognized experts lending credibility to the work will allow this book to serve as a high value reference source of current information for analytical and biopharmaceutical chemists.

Note: Intro -- Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Related Techniques -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Concepts and milestones in the development of ion-exchange chromatography -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals -- 2.1. Retention mechanism for small ions -- 2.2. Retention mechanisms for polyelectrolytes -- 3. Column chromatography -- 3.1. Porous polymer ion exchangers for the separation of low-mass ions -- 3.2. Restricted access media -- 3.3. Ion exchangers for large-scale separations -- 4. Large-scale ion-exchange separations -- 5. Landmark developments in biotechnology for downstream processing using ion-exchange chromatography -- References -- Chapter 2: Equilibria and kinetics of ion-exchange of biopolymers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dynamic models -- 2.1. Classification of the models -- 2.2. Formulation of mass balance equations in the GR model -- 2.3. Transport-dispersive model -- 2.3.1. Model formulation -- 2.4. Compatibility of GR and TD models -- 2.5. Reaction-dispersive model -- 3. Kinetic equations of adsorption-desorption rate -- 3.1. Kinetics of SMA formalism -- 3.2. Kinetics of cooperative adsorption -- 3.3. Kinetics of protein unfolding upon adsorption -- 4. Adsorption-desorption equilibria: Isotherm equations -- 4.1. SMA formalism -- 4.2. Cooperative adsorption isotherm -- 4.3. CPA isotherm -- 4.4. Determination of isotherm coefficients -- 4.4.1. SMA model -- 4.4.2. Cooperative adsorption isotherm -- 4.4.3. CPA isotherm -- 5. Causes of misinterpretation of the elution data -- 5.1. Effect of feed viscosity on the process kinetics -- 5.2. Effect of competitive adsorption -- 5.3. Effect of column void volumes -- 6. Procedure for design of IEX process -- References -- Chapter 3: Stationary phases for ion separations -- 1. Ion-exchange terminology -- 2. Classification of ion-exchangers. , 2.1. Matrix or type of substrate material -- 2.1.1. Inorganic materials -- 2.1.2. Synthetic organic polymers -- 2.1.3. Hybrid matrices -- 2.2. Structure of ion-exchangers -- 2.2.1. Column packing morphology -- 2.2.2. Localization of fixed charges in ion-exchangers -- Ionogenic groups distributed in a whole volume of particle -- Controlled porosity particles or superficially porous ion-exchangers -- Electrostatically agglomerated ion-exchangers -- Immobilized ionogenic polymer layers -- Encapsulated ion-exchangers -- Ion-exchangers coated with an oppositely charged polymer -- Covalent bonding or grafting of a polymer layer to an activated substrate surface -- Isolated ionogenic groups on substrate surfaces, or chemically modified substrates -- 2.3. Types of functional groups -- 2.3.1. Positively charged functional groups (anion-exchangers) -- 2.3.2. Negatively charged groups (cation-exchangers) -- 2.3.3. Zwitterionic and polyampholyte ion-exchangers -- 2.3.4. Complexing ion-exchangers -- 2.4. Ion-exchange capacity -- References -- Chapter 4: Stationary phases for the separation of biopolymers by ion-exchange chromatography -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Uniform agarose-based ion-exchange chromatographic media -- 3. Gigaporous ion-exchange chromatographic media -- 3.1. Gigaporous PSt-based ion-exchange chromatographic media -- 3.2. Gigaporous PGMA-based ion-exchange chromatographic media -- 3.3. DEAE macroporous agarose chromatographic media -- 3.4. CM macroporous agarose chromatographic media -- 4. Other ion-exchange stationary phases for bioseparations -- 4.1. Monolithic columns -- 4.2. Membrane chromatography -- 4.3. Cryogels -- 4.4. Mixed-mode chromatography -- 5. Summary and outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Ion-exchange separations of biomacromolecules on grafted and surface-modified polymers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stationary phases. , 2.1. Design of polymer-functionalized ion exchangers -- 2.2. Introduction of the surface polyelectrolytes and their modification -- 2.3. Typical commercial stationary phases -- 3. Adsorption and uptake theory -- 3.1. Three-dimensional adsorption -- 3.2. Facilitated mass transfer by chain delivery effect -- 4. Applications -- 4.1. Features of practical applications -- 4.2. Application examples -- References -- Chapter 6: Extraction chromatography of actinides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Extractants for actinide separation -- 3. Ligand impregnated resins for actinides -- 3.1. Monoamide impregnated resins -- 3.2. Malonamide impregnated resins -- 3.3. Diglycolamide impregnated resins -- 3.4. Multiple DGA impregnated resins -- 4. Room temperature ionic liquids in extraction chromatography -- 4.1. TODGA/RTIL resin -- 4.2. C4DGA and T-DGA/RTIL resins -- 5. Ligand grafted resins for actinides -- 5.1. Monoamide grafted resins -- 5.2. Malonamide grafted resins -- 5.3. Diglycolamide grafted resins -- 6. Composite beads for extraction chromatography -- 7. Perspectives -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: Ion-exchange membrane chromatography -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Transport phenomena in membrane chromatography -- 3. Module design -- 4. Promising ion-exchange membranes for bioseparations -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Ion-exclusion chromatography -- 1. Principle -- 2. Apparatus -- 3. Ion-exchange resin columns used in ICE -- 4. Eluent conditions -- 5. Detection methods -- 5.1. Conductivity detection -- 5.1.1. Direct detection -- 5.1.2. Enhancement of conductivity by postcolumn reaction -- 5.2. UV-VIS detection -- 5.2.1. Direct UV detection -- 5.2.2. Postcolumn derivatization -- 5.3. Mass spectrometry -- 5.4. Charged aerosol detector -- 6. Separations of nonionized substances -- 7. Separation of ammonium and amines. , 8. Vacancy ion-exclusion chromatography -- 9. Ion-exclusion/cation-exchange chromatography -- 10. Ion-exclusion/anion-exchange chromatography -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Chelation ion chromatography -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical aspects of complexation in liquid chromatography -- 2.1. Complexation in the mobile phase -- 2.2. Complexation in the stationary phase -- 3. Ion-exchange chromatography with the complex formation in the mobile phase -- 3.1. Cation-exchange chromatography with complexing eluents -- 3.1.1. Fixed-site cation-exchangers and complexing eluents -- 3.1.2. Dynamically modified cation-exchangers and impregnated adsorbents -- 3.1.3. Ion-pair chromatography of complexed metal ions -- 3.2. Anion-exchange chromatography -- 3.2.1. Fixed-site anion-exchangers and complexing eluents -- 3.2.2. Dynamically modified anion-exchangers and ion-pair mode -- 4. Chelating phases for ion-exchange chromatography -- 5. Application areas of chelating ion-exchangers -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: Displacement chromatography with ion-exchangers -- 1. Principles of displacement chromatography -- 1.1. Basic concepts of displacement chromatography -- 1.2. Variant forms of displacement chromatography -- 1.2.1. Selective displacement chromatography -- 1.2.2. Sample displacement chromatography -- 1.2.3. Complex displacement chromatography -- 1.3. Theoretical models for displacement chromatography -- 2. Ion-exchange displacers -- 2.1. Displacers for ion-exchange chromatography -- 2.2. Approaches for displacer screening and design -- 3. Applications of ion-exchange displacement chromatography -- 3.1. Displacer chromatography process development and optimization -- 3.2. Applications -- 3.2.1. Displacement chromatography for the purification of recombinant proteins -- 3.2.2. Displacement chromatography for proteomic analysis. , 3.2.3. Applications of sample displacement chromatography -- 4. Prospects and outlook -- References -- Chapter 11: Instrumentation for ion chromatography -- 1. Solvent delivery systems for IC applications -- 1.1. High-pressure piston pump -- 1.2. Eluent production modules -- 2. Detectors for IC -- 2.1. Conductivity detection -- 2.1.1. Suppressors for suppressed conductometry -- Column-type suppressors -- The membrane type suppressors -- 2.1.2. Charge detector -- 2.1.3. Direct conductometry (nonsuppressed conductometry) -- 2.2. Electrochemical detection -- 2.3. Photometric detection -- 2.4. Postcolumn reaction system -- 2.5. Mass spectrometry detection -- 2.6. Multiple detections -- 3. Injection system -- 3.1. Injection valve with sample loop -- 3.2. Preconcentration -- 4. Column oven -- 5. Column hardware -- References -- Chapter 12: Instrument platforms for large-scale ion-exchange separations of biomolecules -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chromatography columns -- 3. Ion exchange matrices -- 3.1. Process steps in ion-exchange chromatography -- 4. Chromatography equipment -- 5. Scale-up of ion-exchange processes -- 5.1. Understanding the product and resin selection -- 5.1.1. Column design and size -- 5.1.2. Process parameters -- 5.1.3. Validation and cleaning -- 5.1.4. Equipment and facility consideration -- 5.1.5. Mode of operations of IEC -- 5.2. Necessary calculations for IEC scale-up -- 5.3. Common problems associated with IEC scale-up from lab to manufacturing scale -- 5.3.1. Pressure drop -- 5.3.2. Buffer preparation at a manufacturing scale -- 5.3.3. Column packing and cleaning -- 5.3.4. Validation of a scaled-up process -- References -- Chapter 13: Method development for large molecules IEX separations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Column, stationary phase, and instrumentation considerations -- 2.1. Stationary phase characteristics. , 2.2. Column dimensions.

Additional Edition: Print version: Nesterenko, Pavel Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Related Techniques San Diego : Elsevier,c2023 ISBN 9780443153693

Language: English

UID:

Format: Online-Ressource (41 p)

Edition: Online-Ausg.

ISBN: 1451872259 , 9781451872255

Series Statement: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 09/78

Content: This paper uses three methods to assess movements of real exchange rates in the ECCU over time. First, the purchasing power parity hypothesis is tested and then used to provide a benchmark for equilibrium real exchange rates in the region. Second, a fundamentals-based equilibrium real exchange rate approach is used to explore sources of real exchange rate fluctuations in ECCU countries. And third, a macroeconomic balance approach is used to estimate equilibrium current account or current account ""norms"". The main finding of these analyses is that there is little evidence of overvaluation of the EC dollar. Furthermore, this paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the distinctive impact of tourism in determining real exchange rates through the wealth effect induced by tourism-driven increases in terms of trade and productivity

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Pineda, Emilio Assessing Exchange Rate Competitiveness in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, 2009 ISBN 9781451872255

Language: English

DOI: 10.5089/9781451872255.001

URL: kostenfrei

URL: kostenfrei

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xx, 290 pages) : , digital, PDF file(s).

ISBN: 1-108-58641-4 , 1-108-56072-5 , 1-108-66599-3

Content: Memory and Agency in Ancient China offers a novel perspective on China's material culture. The volume explores the complex 'life histories' of selected objects, whose trajectories as ginle objects ('biographies') and object types ('lineages') cut across both temporal and physical space. The essays, written by a team of international scholars, analyse the objects in an effort to understand how they were shaped by the constraints of their social, political and aesthetic contexts, just as they were also guided by individual preference and capricious memory. They also demonstrate how objects were capable of effecting change. Ranging chronologically from the Neolithic to the present, and spatially from northern to southern mainland China and Taiwan, this book highlights the varied approaches that archaeologists and art historians use when attempting to reconstruct object trajectories. It also showcases the challenges they face, particularly with the unearthing of objects from archaeological contexts that, paradoxically, come to represent the earliest known point of their 'post-recovery lives'.

Note: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 04 Jan 2019). , Introduction: memory and agency in ancient China: shaping the life histories of objects / Francis Allard, Yan Sun and Katheryn M. Linduff -- Memory, amnesia and the formation of identity symbols in China / Gideon Shelach -- The lives of shovels and bells in early south China: memory, ritual and the power of destination / Francis Allard -- The whole and fragmented lives of jade objects from late Neolithic middle Yangzi River burials (ca. 2000 BC) / Sascha Priewe -- The social life of salt in ancient China from the late Neolithic to the Han Dynasty / Pochan Chen -- A divergent life history of bronze willow-leaf-shaped swords of western Zhou China from 11th to C. 10th centuries BCE / Yan Sun -- Bird-pillar basins and cylindrical vessels: object lineage in ancient China / Xiaolong Wu -- Toiletries and the production of social memory from the warring states through the Han (4th C. BCE-3rd C. CE) / Sheri Lullo -- A biographical approach to the study of the mounted archer motif during the Han Dynasty / Leslie Wallace -- Dynamic between form and material: the bi disc in Western Han noble burial ritual / Eileen Lam -- Crossing the Taiwan strait: contextualizing and re-contextualizing Taiwan aboriginal objects (1895-1980) / Du Hui -- Artifacts that invoke the aura and authority of the ancient / Katheryn M. Linduff.

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-108-47257-5

Language: English

URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)

URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108560726

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xiii, 368 pages) : , digital, PDF file(s).

ISBN: 1-108-88280-3 , 1-108-89283-3 , 1-108-88545-4

Content: Many scholars perceive ethnic politics in China as an untouchable topic due to lack of data and contentious, even prohibitive, politics. This book fills a gap in the literature, offering a historical-political perspective on China's contemporary ethnic conflict. Yan Sun accumulates research via field trips, local reports, and policy debates to reveal rare knowledge and findings. Her long-time causal chain of explanation reveals the roots of China's contemporary ethnic strife in the centralizing and ethnicizing strategies of its incomplete transition to a nation state-strategies that depart sharply from its historical patterns of diverse and indirect rule. This departure created the institutional dynamics for politicized identities and ethnic mobilization, particularly in the outer regions of Tibet and Xinjiang. In the 21st century, such factors as the demise of socialist tenets and institutions that upheld interethnic solidarity, and the rise of identity politics and developmentalism, have intensified these built-in tensions.

Note: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 21 Sep 2020).

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-108-84029-9

Language: English

Subjects: History

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URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108885454

UID:

Format: xix, 302 Seiten.

ISBN: 978-3-631-78906-3

Series Statement: Cross cultural communication 34

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF ISBN 978-3-631-78952-0

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB ISBN 978-3-631-78953-7

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI ISBN 978-3-631-78954-4

Language: English

Subjects: English Studies , Sociology

Keywords: Ehre ; Gesicht ; Häusliche Gewalt ; Kulturvergleich

URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis

URL: https://d-nb.info/1215349483/04

Author information: Steppat, Michael.

Author information: Krause, Mine, 1981-,

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (25 p.)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-4623-1642-5 , 1-4527-3796-7 , 9786612842924 , 1-4518-7218-6 , 1-282-84292-7

Series Statement: IMF working paper ; WP/09/71

Content: With a fixed peg to the U.S. dollar for more than three decades, the tourism-dependent Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) countries share a close economic relationship with the U.S. This paper analyzes the impact of the United States on ECCU business cycles and identifies possible transmission channels. Using two different approaches (the common trends and common cycles approach of Vahid and Engle (1993) and the standard VAR analysis), it finds that the ECCU economies are very sensitive to both temporary and permanent movements in the U.S. economy and that such linkages have strengthened over time. There is, however, less clear-cut evidence on the transmission channels. United States monetary policy does not appear to be an important channel of influence, while tourism is important for only one ECCU country.

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Contents; I. Introduction; II. Business Cycles and Spillovers; A. Analysis of Business Cycles in the Caribbean; B. Common Trend and Cycle Analysis; C. Transmission of U.S. Shocks to the Caribbean; III. Econometric Methodology and Data; A. The Common Trends and Common Cycles Approach; B. The VAR Analysis; C. The Data; IV. Empirical Results; Tables; 1. Summary Statistics of Real GDP Growth; A. Caribbean Common Trends and Common Cycles; 2. VAR Lag Order Selection; 3. Tests for the Number of Cointegrating Vectors; 4. Growth Elasticities in the Caribbean; B. Spillovers from the U.S. to the ECCU , 5. Diagnostics of Growth Elasticity ModelsV. Conclusions and Policy Implications; Figures; 1. Three Common Cycles; 2. Four Common Trends; 3. Caribbean Countries: Cyclical Components of Real GDP; 4. Caribbean Countries: Trend Components of Real GDP; 5. ECCU: Responses to One Percent U.S. Growth Shock; 6. ECCU: Country Responses to One Percent U.S. Growth Shock; 7. Antigua and Barbuda: Responses to One Percent U.S. Growth Shock; References , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-4519-1653-1

Language: English