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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Atmospheric Stabilization of CO2 Emissions : Near-Term Reductions and Intensity-Based Targets (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almahu_9948589696302882
    Format: 1 online resource (37 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study analyzes CO2 emissions reduction targets for various countries and geopolitical regions by the year 2030 in order to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at the level of 450 ppm (550 ppm including non CO2 greenhouse gases). It also determines CO2 intensity cuts that would be needed in those countries and regions if the emission reductions were achieved through intensity-based targets while assuming no effect on forecasted economic growth. Considering that the stabilization of CO2 concentrations at 450 ppm requires the global trend of CO2 emissions to reverse before 2030, this study develops two scenarios: reversing the global CO2 trend in (i) 2020 and (ii) 2025. The study shows that global CO2 emissions would be 42 percent above the 1990 level in 2030 if the increasing trend of global CO2 emissions is reversed by 2020. If reversing the trend is delayed by 5 years, the 2030 global CO2 emissions would be 52 percent higher than the 1990 level. The study also finds that to achieve these targets while maintaining assumed economic growth, the global average CO2 intensity would require a 68 percent drop from the 1990 level or a 60 percent drop from the 2004 level by 2030.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4352
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under The Clean Development Mechanism of The Kyoto Protocol (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV040619167
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Content: This paper analyzes the economic and environmental consequences of a potential demand side management program in Thailand using a general equilibrium model. The program considers replacement of less efficient electrical appliances in the household sector with more efficient counterparts. The study further examines changes in the economic and environmental effects of the program if it is implemented under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which provides carbon subsidies to the program. The study finds that the demand side management program would increase economic welfare if the ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is 0.4 or lower even in the absence of the clean development mechanism. If the program's ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is greater than 0.4, registration of the program under the clean development mechanism would be needed to achieve positive welfare impacts. The level of welfare impacts would, however, depend on the price of carbon credits the program generates. For a given level of welfare impacts, the registration of the demand side management program under the clean development mechanism would increase the volume of emission reductions
    Note: Weitere Ausgabe: Timilsina, Govinda R: A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under The Clean Development Mechanism of The Kyoto Protocol
    Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Timilsina, Govinda R. A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under The Clean Development Mechanism of The Kyoto Protocol 2008
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of Revenue Recycling Schemes In Environmental Tax Selection : A General Equilibrium Analysis (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV040618992
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Content: This study examines the roles of revenue recycling schemes for the selection of alternative tax instruments (i.e., carbon-, sulphur-, energy- and output-tax) to reduce CO2 emissions to a specified level in Thailand. A static, single period, multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Thai economy has been developed for this purpose. This study finds that the selection of a tax instrument to reduce CO2 emissions would be significantly influenced by the scheme to recycle the tax revenue to the economy. If the tax revenue is recycled to finance cuts in the existing labour or indirect tax rates, carbon tax would be more efficient than the sulphur-, energy- and output-taxes to reduce CO2 emissions. On the other hand, if the tax revenue is recycled to households through a lump-sum transfer, sulphur and carbon taxes would be more efficient than energy and output taxes. The ranking between the sulphur and carbon taxes under the lump sum transfer scheme depends on substitution possibility of fossil fuels. Sulphur tax is found superior over carbon tax at the higher substitution possibility between fossil fuels; the reverse is found true at the lower substitution possibility. In all schemes of revenue recycling considered, the output tax is found to be the most costly (i.e., in welfare terms) despite the fact that it generates two to three times higher revenue than the other tax instruments
    Note: Weitere Ausgabe: Timilsina, Govinda R: The Role of Revenue Recycling Schemes In Environmental Tax Selection
    Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Timilsina, Govinda R. The Role of Revenue Recycling Schemes In Environmental Tax Selection 2007
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector : A Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV040619256
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Content: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle
    Note: Weitere Ausgabe: Timilsina, Govinda R: Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector
    Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Timilsina, Govinda R. Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector 2008
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impacts of Large-Scale Expansion of Biofuels on Global Poverty and Income Distribution (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265514
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Content: This paper analyzes the impact of large-scale expansion of biofuels on the global income distribution and poverty. A global computable general equilibrium model is used to simulate the effects of the expansion of biofuels on resource allocation, commodity prices, factor prices and household income. A second model based on world-wide household surveys uses these results to calculate the impacts on poverty and global income inequality. The study finds that the large-scale expansion of biofuels leads to an increase in production and prices of agricultural commodities. The increased prices would cause higher food prices, especially in developing countries. Moreover, wages of unskilled rural labor would also increase, which slows down the rural to urban migration in many developing countries. The study also shows that the effects on poverty vary across regions; it increases in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas it decreases in Latin America. At the global level, the expansion of biofuels increases poverty slightly
    Additional Edition: Cororaton, Caesar B Impacts of Large-Scale Expansion of Biofuels on Global Poverty and Income Distribution
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6078
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Nexus of Energy Supply and Human Health (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269722
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Uses of main primary energy resources, such as coal, oil, and solid biomass, are directly linked with adverse impacts on human health. Air pollution emitted from various activities in the energy supply chains is the main risk factor to human health, along with accidental and occupational risk exposures. Estimates of premature deaths are over four million per year for ambient air pollution (2015) and household or indoor air pollution (2012). More than 80 percent of the mortality from ambient air pollution emitted from the energy supply chains occurs in developing countries. The impact of household air pollution, mainly from traditional biomass used for cooking and space heating, disproportionately falls on women and children under age five years. Acute respiratory infections, mainly caused by household air pollution, are one of the largest categories of deaths (64 percent) of children under age five years in developing countries. These statistics indicate the deep nexus between the energy supply chain and human health. Yet, the negative implications for human health from energy use often receive inadequate consideration. It is critically important to take account of these human health impacts in developing energy supply plans and energy policies in developing countries
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Timilsina, Govinda R The Nexus of Energy Supply and Human Health Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2017
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8129
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Much Could South Asia Benefit from Regional Electricity Cooperation and Trade? (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269674
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: The South Asia region is lagging behind many regions in the world in regional electricity cooperation and trading, despite the huge anticipated benefits. This study uses an electricity planning model that produces optimal expansion of electricity generation capacities and transmission interconnections in the long-term to quantify the benefits of unrestricted cross-border electricity trade in the South Asia during 2015-40. The study finds that the unrestricted electricity trade provision would save US
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Timilsina, Govinda R How Much Could South Asia Benefit from Regional Electricity Cooperation and Trade? Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2015
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7341
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Economic Viability of Jatropha Biodiesel in Nepal (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269563
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Timilsina, Govinda R The Economic Viability of Jatropha Biodiesel in Nepal Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2015
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7295
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biofuels : Markets, Targets and Impacts (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048264806
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Content: This paper reviews recent developments in biofuel markets and their economic, social and environmental impacts. Several countries have introduced mandates and targets for biofuel expansion. Production, international trade and investment have increased sharply in the past few years. However, several existing studies have blamed biofuels as one of the key factors behind the 2007-2008 global food crisis, although the magnitudes of impacts in these studies vary widely depending on the underlying assumptions and structure of the models. Existing studies also have huge disparities in the magnitude of long-term impacts of biofuels on food prices and supply; studies that model only the agricultural sector show higher impacts, whereas studies that model the entire economy show relatively lower impacts. In terms of climate change mitigation impacts, there exists a consensus that current biofuels lead to greenhouse gas mitigation only when greenhouse gas emissions related to land-use change are not counted. If conversion of carbon rich forest land to crop land is not avoided, the resulting greenhouse gas release would mean that biofuels would not reduce cumulative greenhouse gas emissions until several years had passed. Overall, results from most of the existing literature do not favor diversion of food for large-scale production of biofuels, although regulated production of biofuels in countries with surplus land and a strong biofuel industry are not ruled out. Developments in second generation biofuels offer some hope, yet they still compete with food supply through land use and are currently constrained by a number of technical and economic barriers
    Additional Edition: Timilsina, Govinda R Biofuels
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5364
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Second-generation biofuels : economics and policies (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048264847
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Content: Recent increases in production of crop-based (or first-generation) biofuels have engendered increasing concerns over potential conflicts with food supplies and land protection, as well as disputes over greenhouse gas reductions. This has heightened a sense of urgency around the development of biofuels produced from non-food biomass (second-generation biofuels). This study reviews the economic potential and environmental implications of production of second-generation biofuels from a variety of various feedstocks. Although second-generation biofuels could significantly contribute to the future energy supply mix, cost is a major barrier to increasing commercial production in the near to medium term. Depending on various factors, the cost of second-generation (cellulosic) ethanol can be two to three times as high as the current price of gasoline on an energy equivalent basis. The cost of biodiesel produced from microalgae, a prospective feedstock, is many times higher than the current price of diesel. Policy instruments for increasing biofuels use, such as fiscal incentives, should be based on the relative merits of different types of biofuels
    Additional Edition: Timilsina, Govinda R Second-generation biofuels
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5406
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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