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  • 1
    UID:
    almafu_9961265116002883
    Format: 1 online resource (40 pages).
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers
    Content: This paper examines the effectiveness of income protection and job protection policies for the post-pandemic economic recovery of the second half of 2020 through 2021. The paper is based on a new data set of the budgets of social protection programs implemented as a part of the pandemic stimulus package in 154 countries. The empirical analysis shows that, in the short run, higher expenditure on job protection measures is associated with more robust gross domestic product growth, increased employment, and decreased inactivity and poverty rates compared to the expansion of income protection programs. Both policies had a significant economic impact only in countries with weaker pre-pandemic social insurance systems. In countries with broader coverage of the social insurance system, the income and job protection programs appear to have had a limited impact on post-pandemic recovery. Because the structural economic changes induced by the pandemic are expected to materialize fully in several years, more research is needed to understand the longer-term effects of job protection and income protection policies on labor markets and economic recovery.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, Distict of Columbia :The World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9961265121702883
    Format: 1 online resource (28 pages).
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers
    Content: The information set from which individuals make their decision on vaccination includes signals from trusted agents, such as governments, community leaders, and the media. By implementing restrictions, or by relaxing them, governments can provide a signal about the underlying risk of the pandemic and indirectly affect vaccination take-up. Rather than focusing on measures specifically designed to increase vaccine acceptance, this paper studies how governments' nonpharmaceutical policy responses to the pandemic can modify the degree of preventive health behavior, including vaccination. To do so, the paper uses repeated waves of a global survey on COVID-19 beliefs, behaviors, and norms covering 67 countries from August 2020 to February 2021. Controlling for the usual determinants, the analysis explores how individuals' willingness to get vaccinated is affected by changes in government restriction measures (as measured by the Oxford Stringency Index). This relationship is mediated by individual characteristics, social norms (social pressure to conform with what most people do), and trust in government institutions. The results point to a complex picture as the implementation of restrictions is associated with increased acceptance in some contexts and decreased acceptance in others. The stringency of government restrictions has significant positive correlations with vaccine acceptance in contexts of weak social norms of vaccine acceptance and lower trust in government. In countries or communities where social norms are tighter and trust in government health authorities is high, vaccine acceptance is high but less sensitive to changes in policies. These results suggest that the indirect effect of government policy stringency is stronger among individuals who report lower trust and weaker social norms of vaccine acceptance.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9960901079602883
    Format: 1 online resource (60 pages)
    Content: The claim that social protection is a luxury good-with a national income elasticity exceeding unity-has been influential. The paper tests the "luxury good hypothesis" using newly-assembled data on social protection spending across countries since 1995, treating the pandemic period separately, as it entailed a large expansion in social protection efforts. While the mean income share devoted to social protection rises with income, this is attributable to multiple confounders, including relative prices, weak governance in low-income countries and access to information-communication technologies. Controlling for these, social protection is not a luxury good. This was also true during the pandemic.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    UID:
    almafu_9959727705502883
    Format: 1 online resource (47 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper outlines an extension of the Human Capital Index that addresses the specific challenges in education and health faced by countries in Europe and Central Asia. Good basic education will not be enough, as job markets today demand higher levels of human capital than in the past. As the region's population becomes older, it is important that adults remain healthy to ensure productive aging. The Europe and Central AsiaHuman Capital Index (ECA-HCI) extends the Human Capital Index by adding a measure of quality-adjusted years of higher education to the original education component, and it includes the prevalence of three adult health risk factors - obesity, smoking, and heavy drinking - as an additional proxy for latent health status. This extension of the Human Capital Index could also be useful for assessing the state of human capital in middle-income countries in general.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    UID:
    almafu_9959727705702883
    Format: 1 online resource (33 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Based on their objective economic situation and comparing with their peers, individuals form perceptions of their economic position in a society. Data from the three waves of the Life in Transition surveys of European countries show that these perceptions systematically deviate from the rankings obtained using consumption levels. People position themselves in the middle ranks in larger numbers than those who are in the middle ranks according to their consumption levels. Correspondingly, many people who objectively are classified in the top, richest, or bottom, poorest, ranks subjectively feel that they are in the middle class. This puzzling "bunching in the middle" is the focus of this paper. Explanations are tested and discarded that consider subjective perceptions as misperceptions or the result of other mistakes due to data limitations (such as tail bias). The paper concludes that rather than reflecting a subjective assessment of the distribution of welfare, subjective rankings reveal subjective economic well-being. The paper show that monetary consumption is a strong predictor of subjective economic well-being, but that the latter is influenced by many other factors, including economic security, proxied by employment status or other measures of human capital, such as health and education. These findings have policy relevance, since redistribution measures aiming at simply protecting consumption levels may not be sufficient to restore the economic well-being provided by having full-time secure types of employment.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 6
    UID:
    almafu_9959394815102883
    Format: 1 online resource (95 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The size of the economic shocks triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects of the associated non-pharmaceutical interventions have not been fully assessed, because the official economic indicators have not been published. This paper provides estimates of the economic impacts of the non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented by countries in Europe and Central Asia over the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis relies on high-frequency proxies, such as daily electricity consumption, nitrogen dioxide emission, and mobility records, to trace the economic disruptions caused by the pandemic, and calibrates these measures to estimate magnitude of the economic impact. The results suggest that the non-pharmaceutical interventions led to about a decline of about 10 percent in economic activity across the region. On average, countries that implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions in the early stages of the pandemic appear to have better short-term economic outcomes and lower cumulative mortality, compared with countries that imposed non-pharmaceutical interventions during the later stages of the pandemic. In part, this is because the interventions have been less stringent. Moreover, there is evidence that COVID-19 mortality at the peak of the local outbreak has been lower in countries that acted earlier. In this sense, the results suggest that the sooner non-pharmaceutical interventions are implemented, the better are the economic and health outcomes.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 7
    UID:
    almafu_9959104512302883
    Format: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper investigates the link between inequality and demand for redistribution by looking at how individuals form their perceptions of inequality. Most of the literature analyzing demand for redistribution has focused on objective inequality, rather than subjective perceptions of inequality. However, a model that links demand for redistribution to subjective inequality is needed, given that recent empirical research has shown a growing gap between subjective and objective inequality. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme survey, the paper focuses on explaining individuals' formation of inequality perceptions using objective variables. The paper then studies the relationship between these perceptions and individuals' demand for redistribution. The analysis finds that objective macro variables are associated with individuals' perceptions of inequality, and that individual circumstances, some of which relate to self-interest, like age, educational attainment, and income, also play an important role. Perceptions of equality, in turn, are significatively correlated to demand for redistribution and seem to substitute for any effect of objective variables. This result suggests that contextual macro variables only affect individuals' demand for redistribution through their perceptions of equality and do not have a direct effect.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 8
    UID:
    almafu_9959748954102883
    Format: 1 online resource (42 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper analyzes the reopening process of countries in Europe and Central Asia after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and provides evidence on the effects of different reopening trajectories and their timing and speed on economic recovery. The analysis indicates that countries that adopted a gradual, staged reopening experienced stronger economic recovery compared with the countries that rushed into lifting the restrictive measures before the pandemic was under control. Postponing lifting the restrictions until after the pandemic's peak was reached has a positive impact on economic activity. Governance also matters: a higher level of trust in government is associated with increased economic activity among countries that carried out a gradual reopening process. There is also suggestive evidence that providing people objective data on the progress of the pandemic may speed up the recovery process.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    UID:
    almafu_9959137488002883
    Format: 1 online resource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Using the management and operational practices survey in the Russian Federation, this paper finds that an average Russian manufacturing firm adopts 43 percent of the structured management practices (a score of 0.43), a value that is far from the frontier (for example, the United States scores 0.62). This average mask the wide heterogeneity in practices, where a large share of firms adopt few structured management practices and only 3.5 percent of them have a score over 0.75. Consistent with the findings in other countries, better managed firms in Russia show stronger firm performance, measured as gross revenue per employee, value added per employee, total factor productivity, and employment growth. Improving the management score from the 10th to the 90th percentile is associated with an increase in sales per worker by 87 percent, value added per worker by 30 percent, and total factor productivity by 13.5 percent. What drives better management capabilities? Russian firms are similar to those in other countries, such that exporters and firms with foreign linkages are better managed. Switching from operating purely in the domestic market to being globally linked is associated with a significant increase in management capabilities. However, unlike the results in other countries, management capabilities in Russia are not associated with firm age, implying that firms do not learn to be better managed over their life cycle. This result points to the possibility of inefficient allocation of resources, such that learning and selection mechanism does not weed out the badly managed firms, perhaps due to the lack of pro-competitive forces.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Europe and Central Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079562
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8652
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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