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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Constructing Robust Poverty Trends in the Islamic Republic of Iran : 2008-14 (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143913302883
    Format: 1 online resource (28 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper constructs and tests the robustness of consistently measured poverty trends in the Islamic Republic of Iran after 2008, using international poverty lines based on U.S. dollars at 2011 purchasing power parity. The constructed estimates reveal three distinct periods of welfare in the Islamic Republic of Iran: increase in poverty and inequality between 2008 and 2009, decline in poverty and inequality between 2009 and 2012, and gradual deterioration of both indicators again after 2012. The results are robust regardless of the choice of welfare aggregate, inclusion or exclusion of different components, and spatial adjustment accounting for regional variation in food and housing prices.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7836
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Testing the Importance of Search Frictions, Matching, and Reservation Prestige through Randomized Experiments in Jordan / (2014)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246544202883
    Format: 1 online resource (43 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Unemployment rates for tertiary-educated youth in Jordan are high, as is the duration of unemployment. Two randomized experiments in Jordan were used to test different theories that may explain this phenomenon. The first experiment tested the role of search and matching frictions by providing firms and job candidates with an intensive screening and matching service based on educational backgrounds and psychometric assessments. Although more than 1,000 matches were made, youth rejected the opportunity to even have an interview in 28 percent of cases, and when a job offer was received, they rejected this offer or quickly quit the job 83 percent of the time. A second experiment built on the first by examining the willingness of educated, unemployed youth to apply for jobs of varying levels of prestige. Youth applied to only a small proportion of the job openings they were told about, with application rates higher for higher prestige jobs than lower prestige jobs. Youth failed to show up for the majority of interviews scheduled for low prestige jobs. The results suggest that reservation prestige is an important factor underlying the unemployment of educated Jordanian youth.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7030
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating a Poverty Trend for Nigeria between 2009 and 2019 / (2022)
    Washington, DC :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960786869902883
    Format: 1 online resource (43 pages).
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers
    Content: Issues of data availability and incomparability in the measurement of household consumption arise frequently when measuring poverty trends over time. Yet, understanding these trends is key to guide national and international policy makers in their poverty reduction efforts. This paper aims to estimate a long-run poverty trend for Nigeria, a country whose poverty trends are crucial for regional and global estimates. In 2020, the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics released the first official poverty estimates for Nigeria in almost a decade, calculated using the 2018/19 Nigerian Living Standards Survey. Yet the official poverty estimates from the 2018/19 Nigerian Living Standards Survey cannot technically be compared with those from the 2009/10 Harmonized Nigerian Living Standards Survey-the previous official household consumption survey-given key differences in the way household consumption was measured and concerns around data quality in the 2009/10 survey. To address this challenge, this paper uses two distinct methodologies to construct a poverty trend for Nigeria in the decade before the COVID-19 crisis. First, it uses sector-level gross domestic product growth rates combined with micro-data from the 2018/19 Nigerian Living Standards Survey to "backcast" poverty rates back to 2009. Second, it uses survey-to-survey imputation methods and data collected throughout the decade through the General Household Survey panel. Despite their very different foundations, these two approaches produce very similar results, suggesting that there was a small reduction in poverty at the beginning of the decade, followed by a period of stagnation or even a slight uptick in poverty following the 2016 economic recession. The paper estimates a poverty rate of between 42.2 and 46.3 percent in 2009, translating into a reduction in the poverty headcount rate of between 3 and 7 percentage points between 2009 and 2018/19.
    Language: English
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rental Regulation and Its Consequences on Measures of Well-Being in the Arab Republic of Egypt / (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958264313902883
    Format: 1 online resource (25 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The paper delves into the implications of a failure to account for rental regulation in the measurement of households' welfare, poverty, and inequality when using household surveys. Exploiting previously unavailable data for the Egyptian case, the paper illustrates the long-lasting distortions in the rental market that the 1977 rental law has created. The paper finds evidence that earlier studies may have substantially underestimated households' welfare in urban areas and overestimated urban poverty. National poverty rates show smaller corrections, as poverty is mainly a rural phenomenon in the Arab Republic of Egypt. An appropriate measure of welfare also led to downward corrections in inequality in urban Egypt, while increasing the inequality across regions. These effects counterbalance each other and nationwide inequality estimates are affected only slightly.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8152
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Leveraging Land to Enable Urban Transformation : Lessons from Global Experience (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246414502883
    Format: 1 online resource (43 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Around the world, in both developed and developing countries, policy makers use a variety of tools to manage and accommodate urban growth and redevelopment. Government officials have three main concerns in terms of land policy: (i) accommodating urban expansion, (ii) providing infrastructure, and (iii) managing density. Together, the planning for infrastructure and urban expansion, land use, and density policies combine to shape the spatial structure of cities. This paper reviews global experience on using land based instruments to accommodate urban development and financing infrastructure. The review suggests that urban transformation is most efficient when land markets are fluid, particularly when they are grounded in strong institutions that (i) assign and protect property rights, (ii) enable independent valuation and public dissemination of land values across uses, and (iii) enable the judicial system to handle disputes that may arise in the process.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6312
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Soft Skills or Hard Cash? : The Impact of Training and Wage Subsidy Programs on Female Youth Employment in Jordan (2012)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246431602883
    Format: 1 online resource (38 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Throughout the Middle East, unemployment rates of educated youth have been persistently high and female labor force participation, low. This paper studies the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan designed to assist female community college graduates find employment. One randomly chosen group of graduates was given a voucher that would pay an employer a subsidy equivalent to the minimum wage for up to 6 months if they hired the graduate; a second group was invited to attend 45 hours of employability skills training designed to provide them with the soft skills employers say graduates often lack; a third group was offered both interventions; and the fourth group forms the control group. The analysis finds that the job voucher led to a 40 percentage point increase in employment in the short-run, but that most of this employment is not formal, and that the average effect is much smaller and no longer statistically significant 4 months after the voucher period has ended. The voucher does appear to have persistent impacts outside the capital, where it almost doubles the employment rate of graduates, but this appears likely to largely reflect displacement effects. Soft-skills training has no average impact on employment, although again there is a weakly significant impact outside the capital. The authors elicit the expectations of academics and development professionals to demonstrate that these findings are novel and unexpected. The results suggest that wage subsidies can help increase employment in the short term, but are not a panacea for the problems of high urban female youth unemployment.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6141
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Should the Food Insecurity Experience Scale Crowd out other Food Access Measures? : Evidence from Nigeria (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960869100302883
    Format: 1 online resource (42 pages)
    Content: Measurement of food access typically relies on a consensus of different indicators. However, there is a growing list of surveys in which the Food Insecurity Experience Scale is one of the few food access indicators captured, likely because it is an official measure for tracking progress toward the Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger. This paper uses a nationally representative, multipurpose household survey conducted in Nigeria to investigate the validity of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. It compares the Food Insecurity Experience Scale to monetary poverty and a widely used food access metric that has been more extensively validated, the Food Consumption Score. Although it is possible for food access metrics to be poorly aligned and capture different dimensions of poor food access, empirically supported assumptions in standard consumption models result in many dimensions of poor food access being concentrated among the poorest segments of the population. However, the paper demonstrates that the Food Insecurity Experience Scale does not appear to correctly identify the population with poor food access-it finds little difference in the share with poor food access among poor and nonpoor Nigerians. Moreover, even the very richest and very poorest households have a similar prevalence of poor food access, according to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. These patterns are in stark contrast to the Food Consumption Score, which suggests that food access is significantly lower for poorer Nigerians. Combined, the results demonstrate the importance of measuring food access with more than one indicator, and they call into question the notion of using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale alone, despite the measure being a key Sustainable Development Goal food security indicator.
    Language: English
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Capturing Sensitive Information from Difficult-to-Reach Populations : Evidence from a Novel Internet-Based Survey in Yemen (2022)
    Washington, D.C. :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960901084002883
    Format: 1 online resource (37 pages)
    Content: As conflicts across the globe escalate and data collection in these settings becomes more sensitive, policy makers and researchers are forced to turn to alternative methods for accurately collecting vital information. This paper assesses the ability of novel and anonymous internet-based surveys to elicit sensitive information in the Republic of Yemen's conflict by comparing identical sensitive and non-sensitive questions in an internet survey to a concurrent mobile phone survey. There were significant differences between the modalities in all the sensitive questions, with a greater share of respondents expressing sensitive views in the internet survey. The differences between modalities was larger for sensitive questions than for non-sensitive questions, and all the differences were qualitatively identical for subsets of the sample that are underrepresented in internet surveys. Overall, the results suggest that internet surveys can be an effective tool to use in conjunction with other techniques to acquire information that would otherwise be difficult to collect.
    Language: English
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Coping with the Influx : Service Delivery to Syrian Refugees and Hosts in Jordan, Lebanon, and Kurdistan, Iraq (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959657464402883
    Format: 1 online resource (24 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The Syrian crisis has led to rapid and large-scale population displacement. This paper uses several sources of data, including the United Nations Higher Commissioner for Refugees' registration database and multi-country, multi-topic surveys collected in 2015-16, to characterize service delivery in the context of a rapid influx of displaced populations. The study encompasses infrastructure services, such as electricity and garbage disposal, and social services, such as health and education, and considers both measures of access to services and their perceived quality.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9326
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    After the Microfinance Crisis : Assessing the Role of Government-Led Microcredit Alternatives (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265245
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Content: In light of the recent microfinance crisis in South India, government-run institutions in general, and primary agricultural credit cooperatives in particular, may end up playing a larger role in the provision of financial services for the poor. Using survey data collected in 2007 from three districts in Andhra Pradesh, this paper assesses the performance of 72 primary agricultural credit cooperatives and finds lack of training among the management. In addition, primary agricultural credit cooperatives tend to be used as political instruments and, as a result, borrowers prioritize all debt obligations (microfinance institutions, informal lenders, etc.) before repaying their primary agricultural credit cooperative loans. The authors suggest that if the performance of primary agricultural credit cooperatives does not improve, a larger government role in the supply of credit may undermine the culture of repayment
    Additional Edition: la Torre, Jordi de After the Microfinance Crisis
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5808
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
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